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610 Physical Sciences Of ANE > Chapter 22- Aerobic Respiration And Energy Production > Flashcards

Chapter 22- Aerobic Respiration And Energy Production Flashcards

1
Q

Disorder that causes blindness and heart conditions as a result of a reduced ability to produce ATP

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

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2
Q

Drug for Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

A

Idebenone

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3
Q

The enzymes for what pathways are found in the mitochondrial matrix space

A

Citric acid cycle, the B-oxidation pathway for the breakdown of fatty acids, and for the degradation of amino acids

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4
Q

What size molecules can pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane pores

A

Less than 10,000 g/mol

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5
Q

The folded membrane of the inner membrane of a mitochondria

A

Cristae

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6
Q

A compartment within the cytoplasm that has a specialized function

A

Organelle

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7
Q

T or F: mitochondria are not self replicating

A

True

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8
Q

During exercise, stored in muscle, donates high-energy phosphate to ADP to produce new supplies of ATP

A

Creatine phosphate

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9
Q

Under __________ conditions, the cells can use oxygen to oxidize glucose to CO2 in a metabolic pathway Called the citric acid cycle
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic

A

A

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10
Q

What is the other name for th Karen’s cycle

A

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cylce

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11
Q

A large thrill derived from ATP and the vitamin panthothenic acid

A

Coenzyme A

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12
Q

Is Acetyl CoA the activated or inactivated form of the acetyl group

A

Activated

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13
Q

The type of bond between the acetyl group and coenzyme A

A

A thioester bond

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14
Q

The bundle of enzymes and coenzymes responsible for the reaction that converts Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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15
Q

How many enzymes and coenzymes responsible for the conversion of Pyruvate top acetyl CoA

A

3 enzymes and 5 coenzymes

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16
Q

The vitamins necessary for the coenzymes for the conversion of Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (from thiamine/Vit B1); FAD (riboflavin/Vit B2); NAD+ (from niacin); coenzyme A (from pantothenic acid)

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17
Q

Acetyl CoA is a product of the degradation of
A. Vitamins
B. Glucose
C. Fatty Acids
D. Carbohydrates
E. Some Amino acids

A

B, C, E

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18
Q

What is the major function of acetyl CoA in energy harvesting pathways

A

Carry the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle

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19
Q

In anabolic reactions, acetyl CoA can be used in reactions to produce
A. Carbohydrates
B. Fatty acids
C. Amino acids
D. Cholesterol

A

B,D

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20
Q

T or F: through acetyl CoA, all energy sources are interconvertible

A

T

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21
Q

The oxygen requiring breakdown of food molecules and production of ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

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22
Q

Where are the enzymes for the citric acid cycle found

A

Mitochondrial matrix space

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23
Q

The first enzyme of the citric acid cycle catalyzes a reactions that joins _______ to _______ to produce ________

A

Acetyl group from Acetyl CoA; oxaloacetate; citrate

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24
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle pathway

A

2 CO2 and oxaloacetate

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25
The enzyme complex responsible for the final step of the citric acid cycle where the energy of the H+ reservoir is used to make ATP
ATP synthase
26
The energy of electrons from the oxidation of substrates in the citric acid cycle is used to phosphorylase ADP and produce ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
27
A mutation to the fumarase gene in the Karen’s cycle can cause what
Encephalopathy
28
A new bro with fumarase deficiency may exhibit what symptoms: A. Muscle weakness (hypotonia) B. No urine output C. Poor feeding D. Mottled skin
A, C
29
T or F: Most children with fumarase deficiency die between 20 and 30 years old
F: typically in infancy or childhood
30
Condition caused by a deficiency that is characterized by chronic lactic acidosis and progressive encephalopathy and hypotonia
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
31
Life expectancy of a Child born with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency
2-3 years
32
Mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase gene that causes a disorder in 3-month-olds to 2-year-olds that results in a loss of motor skills and eventual death
Leigh Disease
33
Tumors caused my mutations in succinate dehydrogenase gene
Paragangliomas
34
Symptoms from aconitase deficiency A. Myopthapy and exercise intolerance B. Impaired hearing or speech C. Kidney failure D. Friedreich ataxia E. Blindness F. Heart disorders
A, B, D, F
35
The cycle that is the final stage of the breakdown of carbs, fats, and amino acids from dietary proteins
Citric acid cycle
36
Reaction 1 of citric acid cycles is a __________ reaction A. Dehydration B. Condensation C. Hydration D. Saponification
B
37
Reaction 2 of the citric acid cycles is a ______ reaction A. Hydration B. Transfer C. Isomerization D. Lyses
C
38
All are true about reaction 3 of Krebs cycle EXCEPT A. NAD+ is reduced to NADH B. The hydroxyl group of isocitrate is oxidized to a ketone C. It is a dehydration reaction D. carbon dioxide is released
C
39
All of the following are true about reaction 4 of the Krebs cycle EXCEPT A. Alpha-ketoglutarate loses a carboxylate group as CO2 B. It is reduced and NAD+ is oxidized to NADH C. coenzyme A combines with the product, succinate, to form succinyl CoA The bond formed between succinate and coenzyme A is a higher energy thioster bond
B… it is oxidized and NAD+ if reduced to NADH
40
What enzyme catalyzes a coupled reaction in the Krebs cycle in which a high energy thioester bond of succinyl CoA is broken and an inorganic phosphate group is added to GDP to make GTP
Succinyl CoA synthase
41
In the Krebs cycle, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from GTP to ADP to make ATP
Dinucleotide diphosphokinase
42
In reaction 6 of the Krebs cycle, is FAD oxidized or reduced to FADH2
Reduced
43
The enzyme for the final reaction of the Krebs cycle
Malate dehydrogenase
44
What is the product of the final reaction of the Krebs cycle
Oxaloacetate—> begins Krebs cycle again
45
How many enzymes/enzyme complexes are involved in Krebs cycle are allosteric enzymes
4
46
The electrons carried by NADH can be used to produce ___ ATP molecules and those carried by FADH2 can be used to produce _____ ATP molecules
3; 2
47
The oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
48
An array of molecules located within the membrane of a mitochondria that allow them to pass electrons from one to the next
Respiratory electron transport system
49
Label the following as a function of F0 or F1: A. Enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP B. The part of the molecule containing a channel through which H+ passes
A. F1 B. F0
50
In aerobic organisms… it is molecular oxygen, O2, and the product is water
Terminal electron acceptor
51
One turn of the citric acid cycle results in how many molecules of each: A. CO2 B. NADH C. FADH2 D. ATP
A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 1
52
Oxidative phosphorylation yields ____ ATP molecules per cytoplasmic NADH molecule
2
53
Is aerobic or anaerobic metabolism more efficient
Aerobic metabolism
54
The number of ATP produced by the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose
36 ATP
55
The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP… this represent an energy harvest of about ____% of the potential energy of glucose
40
56
In land mammals, where does the amino group from the degradation of amino acids by liver generally end up
In urea which is excreted in urine
57
The carbon skeleton from the degradation of amino acids can be converted into A. Carbohydrates B. Citric acid intermediates C. Pyruvate D. Acetyl CoA & acetoacetyl CoA E. Fats
B, C, D
58
What type of reactions are the first stage of amino acid degradation
Transamination
59
Catalyze the transfer of the alpha-amino group from an alpha-amino acid to an alpha-keto acid
Transaminases
60
Provide a direct link between amino acid degradation and the citric acid cycle
Glutamate transaminase
61
Catalyzes the transfer of the alpha-amino group of aspartame to alpha-ketoglutarate, producing oxaloacetate and glutamate
Aspartate transaminase
62
Catalyzes the transfer of the alpha-amino group of alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate and produces Pyruvate and glutamate
Alanine transaminase
63
All of the 50+ transaminases that have been discovered require what coenzyme
Pyridoxal phosphate
64
What vitamin is pyridoxal phosphate derived from
B6 (pyridoxine)
65
An example of an oxidative deamination
Glutamate + NAD+ +H20 —> (reversible) NH4+ + alpha-ketoglutarate + NADH
66
T or F: the carbon skeletons produced by deamination reactions enter glycolysis only not citric acid cycle
False— enters both at many steps
67
T or F: oxidative deamination produces a minimal amount of ammonium ions
F: large amounts
68
How are ammonium ions detoxified in humans
Liver converts to urea
69
The pathway in which toxic ammonium ions are kept out of the blood
Urea cycle
70
Symptoms of Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
Brain abnormalities, neurological symptoms, seizures, respiratory depression
71
A deficiency of urea cycle enzymes causes an elevation of the concentration of NH4+
Hyperammonemia
72
What happens if there is a complete deficiency of one of the enzymes of the urea cycle
Death in early infancy
73
Serves as the starting. Arbor chain for the family of amino acids including glutamate, glutamine, proline, and arginine
Alpha-ketoglutarate
74
Why is glutamate especially important
Serves as the donor of alpha-amino group of almost all other amino acids
75
What 3 amino acids are synthesized from glutamate
Glutamine, proline, arginine
76
What three amino acids are synthesized from 3-phosphoglycerate
Serine, glycine, cysteine
77
Alanine is synthesized from
Pyruvate
78
________ is produced from phosphophenolpyruvate and the 4-carbon sugar erythrose-4-phosphate
Tyrosine
79
In humans, tyrosine is made from which essential amino acid
Phenylalanine
80
Metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and cat aims are callled
Amphibolic pathways
81
The only way that mammalian cells can produce more oxaloacetate is by ________
Carboxylation of Pyruvate (Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP—> oxaloacetate + ADP+ Pi)
82
What is the covalently linked prosthetic group on Pyruvate carboxylase
Vitamin biotin
83
The reaction catalyzed by Pyruvate carboxylase
Anaplerotic reaction

610 Physical Sciences Of ANE (5 decks)

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