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610 Physical Sciences Of ANE > Chapter 22- Aerobic Respiration And Energy Production > Flashcards

Chapter 22- Aerobic Respiration And Energy Production Flashcards

1
Q

Disorder that causes blindness and heart conditions as a result of a reduced ability to produce ATP

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

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2
Q

Drug for Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

A

Idebenone

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3
Q

The enzymes for what pathways are found in the mitochondrial matrix space

A

Citric acid cycle, the B-oxidation pathway for the breakdown of fatty acids, and for the degradation of amino acids

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4
Q

What size molecules can pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane pores

A

Less than 10,000 g/mol

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5
Q

The folded membrane of the inner membrane of a mitochondria

A

Cristae

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6
Q

A compartment within the cytoplasm that has a specialized function

A

Organelle

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7
Q

T or F: mitochondria are not self replicating

A

True

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8
Q

During exercise, stored in muscle, donates high-energy phosphate to ADP to produce new supplies of ATP

A

Creatine phosphate

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9
Q

Under __________ conditions, the cells can use oxygen to oxidize glucose to CO2 in a metabolic pathway Called the citric acid cycle
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic

A

A

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10
Q

What is the other name for th Karen’s cycle

A

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cylce

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11
Q

A large thrill derived from ATP and the vitamin panthothenic acid

A

Coenzyme A

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12
Q

Is Acetyl CoA the activated or inactivated form of the acetyl group

A

Activated

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13
Q

The type of bond between the acetyl group and coenzyme A

A

A thioester bond

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14
Q

The bundle of enzymes and coenzymes responsible for the reaction that converts Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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15
Q

How many enzymes and coenzymes responsible for the conversion of Pyruvate top acetyl CoA

A

3 enzymes and 5 coenzymes

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16
Q

The vitamins necessary for the coenzymes for the conversion of Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (from thiamine/Vit B1); FAD (riboflavin/Vit B2); NAD+ (from niacin); coenzyme A (from pantothenic acid)

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17
Q

Acetyl CoA is a product of the degradation of
A. Vitamins
B. Glucose
C. Fatty Acids
D. Carbohydrates
E. Some Amino acids

A

B, C, E

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18
Q

What is the major function of acetyl CoA in energy harvesting pathways

A

Carry the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle

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19
Q

In anabolic reactions, acetyl CoA can be used in reactions to produce
A. Carbohydrates
B. Fatty acids
C. Amino acids
D. Cholesterol

A

B,D

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20
Q

T or F: through acetyl CoA, all energy sources are interconvertible

A

T

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21
Q

The oxygen requiring breakdown of food molecules and production of ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

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22
Q

Where are the enzymes for the citric acid cycle found

A

Mitochondrial matrix space

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23
Q

The first enzyme of the citric acid cycle catalyzes a reactions that joins _______ to _______ to produce ________

A

Acetyl group from Acetyl CoA; oxaloacetate; citrate

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24
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle pathway

A

2 CO2 and oxaloacetate

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25
Q

The enzyme complex responsible for the final step of the citric acid cycle where the energy of the H+ reservoir is used to make ATP

A

ATP synthase

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26
Q

The energy of electrons from the oxidation of substrates in the citric acid cycle is used to phosphorylase ADP and produce ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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27
Q

A mutation to the fumarase gene in the Karen’s cycle can cause what

A

Encephalopathy

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28
Q

A new bro with fumarase deficiency may exhibit what symptoms:
A. Muscle weakness (hypotonia)
B. No urine output
C. Poor feeding
D. Mottled skin

A

A, C

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29
Q

T or F: Most children with fumarase deficiency die between 20 and 30 years old

A

F: typically in infancy or childhood

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30
Q

Condition caused by a deficiency that is characterized by chronic lactic acidosis and progressive encephalopathy and hypotonia

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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31
Q

Life expectancy of a Child born with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

2-3 years

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32
Q

Mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase gene that causes a disorder in 3-month-olds to 2-year-olds that results in a loss of motor skills and eventual death

A

Leigh Disease

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33
Q

Tumors caused my mutations in succinate dehydrogenase gene

A

Paragangliomas

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34
Q

Symptoms from aconitase deficiency
A. Myopthapy and exercise intolerance
B. Impaired hearing or speech
C. Kidney failure
D. Friedreich ataxia
E. Blindness
F. Heart disorders

A

A, B, D, F

35
Q

The cycle that is the final stage of the breakdown of carbs, fats, and amino acids from dietary proteins

A

Citric acid cycle

36
Q

Reaction 1 of citric acid cycles is a __________ reaction
A. Dehydration
B. Condensation
C. Hydration
D. Saponification

A

B

37
Q

Reaction 2 of the citric acid cycles is a ______ reaction
A. Hydration
B. Transfer
C. Isomerization
D. Lyses

A

C

38
Q

All are true about reaction 3 of Krebs cycle EXCEPT
A. NAD+ is reduced to NADH
B. The hydroxyl group of isocitrate is oxidized to a ketone
C. It is a dehydration reaction
D. carbon dioxide is released

A

C

39
Q

All of the following are true about reaction 4 of the Krebs cycle EXCEPT
A. Alpha-ketoglutarate loses a carboxylate group as CO2
B. It is reduced and NAD+ is oxidized to NADH
C. coenzyme A combines with the product, succinate, to form succinyl CoA
The bond formed between succinate and coenzyme A is a higher energy thioster bond

A

B… it is oxidized and NAD+ if reduced to NADH

40
Q

What enzyme catalyzes a coupled reaction in the Krebs cycle in which a high energy thioester bond of succinyl CoA is broken and an inorganic phosphate group is added to GDP to make GTP

A

Succinyl CoA synthase

41
Q

In the Krebs cycle, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from GTP to ADP to make ATP

A

Dinucleotide diphosphokinase

42
Q

In reaction 6 of the Krebs cycle, is FAD oxidized or reduced to FADH2

A

Reduced

43
Q

The enzyme for the final reaction of the Krebs cycle

A

Malate dehydrogenase

44
Q

What is the product of the final reaction of the Krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetate—> begins Krebs cycle again

45
Q

How many enzymes/enzyme complexes are involved in Krebs cycle are allosteric enzymes

A

4

46
Q

The electrons carried by NADH can be used to produce ___ ATP molecules and those carried by FADH2 can be used to produce _____ ATP molecules

A

3; 2

47
Q

The oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

An array of molecules located within the membrane of a mitochondria that allow them to pass electrons from one to the next

A

Respiratory electron transport system

49
Q

Label the following as a function of F0 or F1:
A. Enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP
B. The part of the molecule containing a channel through which H+ passes

A

A. F1
B. F0

50
Q

In aerobic organisms… it is molecular oxygen, O2, and the product is water

A

Terminal electron acceptor

51
Q

One turn of the citric acid cycle results in how many molecules of each:
A. CO2
B. NADH
C. FADH2
D. ATP

A

A. 2
B. 3
C. 1
D. 1

52
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation yields ____ ATP molecules per cytoplasmic NADH molecule

A

2

53
Q

Is aerobic or anaerobic metabolism more efficient

A

Aerobic metabolism

54
Q

The number of ATP produced by the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose

A

36 ATP

55
Q

The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP… this represent an energy harvest of about ____% of the potential energy of glucose

A

40

56
Q

In land mammals, where does the amino group from the degradation of amino acids by liver generally end up

A

In urea which is excreted in urine

57
Q

The carbon skeleton from the degradation of amino acids can be converted into
A. Carbohydrates
B. Citric acid intermediates
C. Pyruvate
D. Acetyl CoA & acetoacetyl CoA
E. Fats

A

B, C, D

58
Q

What type of reactions are the first stage of amino acid degradation

A

Transamination

59
Q

Catalyze the transfer of the alpha-amino group from an alpha-amino acid to an alpha-keto acid

A

Transaminases

60
Q

Provide a direct link between amino acid degradation and the citric acid cycle

A

Glutamate transaminase

61
Q

Catalyzes the transfer of the alpha-amino group of aspartame to alpha-ketoglutarate, producing oxaloacetate and glutamate

A

Aspartate transaminase

62
Q

Catalyzes the transfer of the alpha-amino group of alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate and produces Pyruvate and glutamate

A

Alanine transaminase

63
Q

All of the 50+ transaminases that have been discovered require what coenzyme

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

64
Q

What vitamin is pyridoxal phosphate derived from

A

B6 (pyridoxine)

65
Q

An example of an oxidative deamination

A

Glutamate + NAD+ +H20 —> (reversible) NH4+ + alpha-ketoglutarate + NADH

66
Q

T or F: the carbon skeletons produced by deamination reactions enter glycolysis only not citric acid cycle

A

False— enters both at many steps

67
Q

T or F: oxidative deamination produces a minimal amount of ammonium ions

A

F: large amounts

68
Q

How are ammonium ions detoxified in humans

A

Liver converts to urea

69
Q

The pathway in which toxic ammonium ions are kept out of the blood

A

Urea cycle

70
Q

Symptoms of Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency

A

Brain abnormalities, neurological symptoms, seizures, respiratory depression

71
Q

A deficiency of urea cycle enzymes causes an elevation of the concentration of NH4+

A

Hyperammonemia

72
Q

What happens if there is a complete deficiency of one of the enzymes of the urea cycle

A

Death in early infancy

73
Q

Serves as the starting. Arbor chain for the family of amino acids including glutamate, glutamine, proline, and arginine

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate

74
Q

Why is glutamate especially important

A

Serves as the donor of alpha-amino group of almost all other amino acids

75
Q

What 3 amino acids are synthesized from glutamate

A

Glutamine, proline, arginine

76
Q

What three amino acids are synthesized from 3-phosphoglycerate

A

Serine, glycine, cysteine

77
Q

Alanine is synthesized from

A

Pyruvate

78
Q

________ is produced from phosphophenolpyruvate and the 4-carbon sugar erythrose-4-phosphate

A

Tyrosine

79
Q

In humans, tyrosine is made from which essential amino acid

A

Phenylalanine

80
Q

Metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and cat aims are callled

A

Amphibolic pathways

81
Q

The only way that mammalian cells can produce more oxaloacetate is by ________

A

Carboxylation of Pyruvate (Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP—> oxaloacetate + ADP+ Pi)

82
Q

What is the covalently linked prosthetic group on Pyruvate carboxylase

A

Vitamin biotin

83
Q

The reaction catalyzed by Pyruvate carboxylase

A

Anaplerotic reaction

610 Physical Sciences Of ANE (5 decks)

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