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610 Physical Sciences Of ANE > Chapter 20- Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 20- Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Carries all the genetic information for an organism

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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2
Q

Responsible for interpreting the genetic information into proteins that will carry out the essential cellular functions

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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3
Q

What are the two nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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4
Q

What are the components of DNA and RNA

A
  1. 5-carbon sugar
  2. Phosphate
  3. 4-heterocyclic amines (nitrogenous bases)
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5
Q

The sugar in DNA is ________ and the sugar in RNA is ________

A

2’-deoxyribose; ribose

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6
Q

How do 2’-deoxyribose and ribose differ

A

The absence of a hydroxyl group at the carbon-2 position of 2’-deoxyribose

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7
Q

The nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA are divided into

A

2 families: pyrimidines and purines

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8
Q

What re the pyrimidine bases in DNA

A

Cytosine and thymine

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9
Q

What are the pyrimidines found in RNA

A

Cytosine and uracil

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10
Q

What are the major purines of DNA and RNA

A

Adenine and guanine

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11
Q

How do pyrimidines and purines differ in RNA and DNA

A

Location of functional groups around the ring

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12
Q

How are nucleosides produced?

A

Combination of sugar, either ribose (in RNA) or 2’-deoxyribose (in DNA) with a purine or pyrimidine base

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13
Q

What is the covalent bond between the sugar and purine/pyrimidine base called

A

B(beta)-N-glycosidic linkage

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14
Q

N- __ of pyrimidines and N- __ of purines participate in glycodidic bonds of nucleosides

A

1; 9

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15
Q

The nucleoside formed with ribose and adenine is called ________ and ribose with guanine is called _________ and the nucleoside formed with 2’-deoxyribose and adenine is called ________ and 2’-deoxyribose with guanine is called _________

A

Adenosine; guanosine

2’-deoxyadenosine and 2-deoxyguanosine

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16
Q

The ribonucleosides formed with cytosine and thymine are called what

A

Cytidine and uridine

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17
Q

The deoxyribonucleosides of cytosine and thymine are called

A

2’- deoxycytidine and thymidine

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18
Q

Why is thymidine not called 2’-deoxythymidine

A

It is only found in DNA so does not need prefix to distinguish

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19
Q

DNA and RNA are long polymers of __________

A

Nucleotides

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20
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of

A

5-carbon sugar, one of five nitrogenous bases, and one or more phosphorylation groups

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21
Q

A nucleotide with the sugar ribose is a ________ and one having the sugar 2’-deoxyribose is a ___________

A

Ribonucleotide; deoxyribonucleotide

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22
Q

The covalent bond between the sugar and phosphorylation group is a _______ bond

A

Phosphoester

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23
Q

The covalent bond between sugar and phosphorylation group is formed by what

A

Condensation reaction between 5’-OH of the sugar and an -OH of the phosphorylation group

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24
Q

A single strand of DNA is a polymer of nucleotides bonded to one another by 3’-5’ _________ bonds

A

Phopshodiester

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25
Q

What is the backbone of a DNA polymer of nucleotides called and why

A

sugar phosphate backbone; composed of alternating units of 5 carbon sugar 2’-deoxyribose and phosphorylation groups in phosphodiester linkage

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26
Q

What is the linkage of a nitrogenous base to each sugar of DNA/RNA polymer called

A

N-glycosidic linkage

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27
Q

What is an example of a noncovalent attraction that helps maintain the double helix structure of DNA

A

Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases in the center of the helix

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28
Q

In dna: adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with ________ and cytosine from 3 hydrogen bonds with __________

A

Thymine; guanina

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29
Q

What is the diameter of the double helix of DNA

A

2.0 nm

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30
Q

T or F: the two strands of DNA are complementary strands because the sequence of bases on one automatically determines the sequence of bases on the other

A

T

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31
Q

The helix of DNA completes one turn every _____ base pairs

A

10

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32
Q

One complete of DNA helix is _______ nanometer

A

3.4

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33
Q

Pieces of DNA that carry genetic instructions, or genes, of an organism

A

Chromosomes

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34
Q

Has one chromosome

A

Prokaryotes

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35
Q

The complete set of genetic information in all the chromosomes of an organism

A

Genome

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36
Q

Organisms with a simple cellular structure in which there is no true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and there are no true membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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37
Q

Organisms that have cells containing a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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38
Q

Are animals, plants, and fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

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39
Q

Consists of a strand of DNA wrapped around a small disk made up of histone proteins

A

Nucleosome

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40
Q

The complex of DNA and histone proteins is termed ________ and makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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41
Q

What do additional chromosomes on 13, 18, and 21 cause

A

13= Palau syndrome; 18= Edward syndrome; 21= down syndrome

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42
Q

Males with 2 X chromosomes and one Y chromosome

A

Exhibit Klinfelter syndrome

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43
Q

Characteristic of men with and extra Y chromosome and women with 3 X chromosomes

A

Unusually tall

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44
Q

A woman with single X chromosome has

A

Turner syndrome

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45
Q

It is thought that ____% of all miscarriages result from abnormal chromosome number

A

50%

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46
Q

How do RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules

A
  1. RNA usually single stranded
  2. Sugar phosphate backbone of RNA consists of ribonucleotides linked by 3’-5’ phosphodieter bonds
  3. The nitrogenous base uracil (U) replaces thiamine (T)
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47
Q

DNA replication begins are a unique sequence n the circular chromosome known as

A

Replication origin

48
Q

The point at which the new deoxyribonucleotide is added to the growing daughter strand is called

A

Replication fork

49
Q

Replication occurs bidirectionally at a rate of about _____ new nucleotides every second

A

500

50
Q

What is the first step in DNA replication

A

Separation of the strands of DNA

51
Q

How are the strands of DNA separates

A

The protein helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs

52
Q

In DNA replication, the stress causing supercooling by helicase is relieved by what enzyme

A

Topoisomerase

53
Q

The enzyme ________ catalyzes the synthesis of a small piece if RNA called an RNA primer that serves to prime the process of DNA replications

A

Primase

54
Q

The enzyme ___________ reads each parental strand and catalyzes the polymerization of a complementary daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase III

55
Q

The precurser for DNA replication

A

Deoxyribonucleotide triphophate

56
Q

Breaks the hydrogen bonds betweeen DNA strands

A

DNA helicase

57
Q

Excises the RNA primers and fills in with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

58
Q

Covalently links the DNA fragments together

A

DNA ligase

59
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology

A

States that in cells, the flow of genetic information contained in DNA is a one-way street that leads from DNA to RNA to protein

60
Q

The process by which a single strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule

A

Transcription

61
Q

Three classes of RNA molecules

A

Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA

62
Q

Carries genetic information for a protein from DNA to the ribosomes. It is cpmplementary RNA copy of a gene of the DNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

63
Q

Is a structural and functional component of the ribosomes, which are “platforms” on which protein synthesis occurs

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

64
Q

How many types of rRNA in bacterial vs eukaryotes ribosomes?

A

3 vs 4

65
Q

Translates the genetic code of the mRNA into the primary sequence of amino acids in the protein

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

66
Q

Have a cloverleaf-shapped secondary structure resulting from base pair hydrogen binding

A

Transfer RNA

67
Q

What is the tertiary structure of tRNA

A

L-shaped

68
Q

Transcription is catalyzed by

A

RNA polymerase

69
Q

The first stage of transcription involves binding of RNA polymerase to a specific nucleotide sequence, the __________, at the beginning of the gene

A

Promoter

70
Q

What are the stages of RNA transcription

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Chain elongation
  3. Termination
71
Q

The only amino acids that have a single codon

A

Methionine and tryptophan

72
Q

How many codons in serine and leucine

A

6

73
Q

A three letter genetic code

A

Codon

74
Q

The process of protein synthesis is called

A

Translation

75
Q

Translation is carried out by

A

Ribosomes

76
Q

Each tRNA is specifically recognized by the active site of an enzyme called

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

77
Q

The first stage of protein synthesis

A

Initiation

78
Q

Proteins that assist in the formation of a translation complex composed of an mRNA molecule and the initiator tRNA

A

Initiation factors

79
Q

the ribosome has 2 binding tRNA molecules
1. Holds the growing peptide bound to a tRNA molecule
2. Holds the Aminoacyl tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be asses to the peptide chain

A
  1. Peptidyl tRNA binding site (P-site)
  2. Aminoacyl tRNA binding site (A-site)
80
Q

The three termination codons with no corresponding tRNA molecules

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

81
Q

What type of mutation is this:

ATGGACTTC

ATGCACTTC

A

Point mutation

82
Q

What type of mutation is this

ATGGACTTC

ATGTTC

A

Deletion mutation

83
Q

What type of mutation is this

ATGGACTTC

ATGCTCGACTTC

A

Insertion mutation

84
Q

Mutation that cause no change in the proteins

A

Silent mutation

85
Q

Any chemical that causes a change in the DNA sequence

A

Mutagen

86
Q

Absorption of UV light by DNA causes adjacent pyrimidine bases to become covalently linked… what is the [product called

A

Pyrimidine dimer

87
Q

Condition where people are very sensitive to UV light and can develop mul;triple skin cancers usually before the age of 20

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

88
Q

Bacterial enzymes that cut the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA molecules at specified nucleotide sequences

A

Restriction enzymes aka restriction endonucleases

89
Q

The first restriction endonuclease purified and studied was called

A

EcoR1

90
Q

Two DNA fragments that are staggered are called sticky ends because

A

They can reasscoiate with one another by hydrogen bonding

91
Q

To produce multiple copies of a gene it must be joined to a

A

Cloning vector

92
Q

What is a cloning vector

A

A piece of DNA having its own replication origin so that it can be replicated inside a host cell

93
Q

What are the two major kinds of cloning vectors

A

Bacterial virus/phage vectors & plasmid vector

94
Q

Bacterial viruses that have been genetically altered to allow the addition of cloned DNA fragments

A

Bacterial virus/phage vectors

95
Q

Extra pieces of circular DNA found in most kinds of bacteria

A

Plasmids

96
Q

The plasmids used in cloning vectors often contain antibiotic resistance genes that are useful in what

A

Selection of cells containing a plasmid

97
Q

In plasmids, often a gene for resistance to an antibiotic

A

Selectable marker

98
Q

The gene that codes for the enzyme B-galactosidase

A

LacZ

99
Q

The DNA “glue” enzyme

A

Ligase

100
Q

A technique used to identify the presence of a gene on a particular DNA fragment

A

Hybridization

101
Q

What is an obstacle to gene cloning in eukaryotic cells

A

Presence of introns bc cloning bacteria lack enzymes to splice out introns

102
Q

How do you perform Polymerase chain reactions

A

A small mount of DNA is mixed with Taq polymerase, the primer, and the 4 DNA nucleotide triphosphates

103
Q

Why does Taq polymerase not denature when heat is raised to 96 degrees in a thermocycler?

A

Taq polymerase is very heat stable… comes from bacteria that live in hot springs in Yellowstone national park

104
Q

A technique that provides both DNA sequence information and a method for identifying the DNA sequences next to it on the chromosome

A

Chromosome walking

105
Q

Brings together the disciplines of computer science, mathematics, statistics, DNA technology, and engineering to devise methods and software tools for organizing, understanding, analyzing and applying the knowledge we gain from these DNA sequences

A

Bioinformatics

106
Q

Most a,I o acids have several codons causing the genetic code to be called

A

Degenerate

107
Q

Catalyzes bond formation between the tRNA and the amino acid

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

108
Q

Causes peptidyl transferase to hydrolyze the bond between the peptide and the peptidyl tRNA, releasing the completed peptide

A

Release factor

109
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur

A

The ribosome

110
Q

Uv light causes formation of

A

Pyrimidine dimers

111
Q

Refers to the fact that each parental DNA strand serves as the template for the synthesis of a daughter strand. As a result, each of the daughter DNA molecules is made up of one strand of the original parental DNA and one strand of the newly synthesized DNA

A

Semiconservative DNA replication

112
Q

What enzyme proofreads the newly synthesized strand of DNA and corrects any errors by removing the incorrectly inserted nucleotide and adding the proper one

A

DNA polymerase III

113
Q

Small ribonucleoprotein complexes that carry out RNA splicing

A

Spliceosomes

114
Q

Help to recognize intron-exon boundaries and are made up of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

A

Spliceosomes

115
Q

What is the purpose of a poly(A) tail on eukaryotic mRNA

A

Protects the 3’ end of the mRNA from degradation by exonucleases

610 Physical Sciences Of ANE (5 decks)

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