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610 Physical Sciences Of ANE > Chapter 21- Cellular Energy Currency > Flashcards

Chapter 21- Cellular Energy Currency Flashcards

1
Q

A set of metabolic pathways that break down complex macromolecules into simpler ones and, in the process, harvest part of their potential energy for use by the cell

A

Catabolism

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2
Q

Pathway for the first stage of carbohydrate breakdown is

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

T or F: the glycolysis pathway is in humans but not bacteria

A

F its found in both

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4
Q

ATP serves as a “go-between” molecule that couples the __________ reaction of catabolism and the __________ reactions of anabolism

A

Exergonic; endergonic

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5
Q

Energy releasing; energy requiring

A

Exergonic; Endergonic

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6
Q

ATP is a nucleotide containing what 3 parts

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. 5-C sugar
  3. 1 to 3 phosphorylation groups
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7
Q

In a ATP molecule, the 2nd and 3rd phosphorylation groups are bonded by what type of bond

A

Phosphanhydride

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8
Q

The first step of glycolysis is to transfer a phosphoryl group from ATP to the c-6 hydroxyl group of glucose. This is a reaction catalyzed by

A

Hexokinase

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9
Q

Finish the Equation: ATP—> ADP + phosphoryl group + ___________

A

7 kcal/mol

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10
Q

The synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and the phosphoryl groups is an ________ reaction

A

Endergonic

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11
Q

How much energy is required in the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and phosphoryl group

A

3.0 kcal/mol

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12
Q

What is the net energy in glycolysis

A

net energy is 4 kcal/mol

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13
Q

Why is ATP called the universal energy currency

A

Because it is the major molecule used by all organisms to store energy

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14
Q

Of carbs, fats, and proteins, which is the most readily used energy source

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

What begins the hydrolysis of starch in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

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16
Q

In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase further hydrolyzes starch into ___________

A

Maltose

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17
Q

What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose

A

Maltase

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18
Q

Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase to __________ and ______________

A

glucose; fructose

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19
Q

Lactose is degraded by lactase into _________ & ___________

A

Glucose and galactose

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20
Q

Where does digestion of proteins begin in body and why there

A

Stomach… the low pH denatures them so there more easily hydrolyzed by pepsin

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21
Q

What enzyme hydrolyzes proteins in stomach

A

Pepsiin

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22
Q

Where does digestion of fats begin

A

Small intestine

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23
Q

Monosaccharides taken up into epithelial cells of intestine is an energy requiring process called ________

A

Active transport

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24
Q

Hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol are then taken up by intestinal cells by means of __________ transport

A

Passive

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25
Q

The two major energy pathways are:

A

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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26
Q

In what form do sugars usually enter the glycolysis pathway

A

Glucose or fructose

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27
Q

T or F: sugars in glycolysis are eventually converted to acetyl CoA

A

T

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28
Q

Fatty acids are converted to __________ and enter the ___________
a. Glycolysis cycle
b. Citric acid cycle
C. Neurotransmitters
D. Acetyl CoA

A

D and B

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29
Q

___________, produced by the hydrolysis of fats enters energy metabolism via glycolysis

A

Glycerol

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30
Q

Acetyl CoA carries what to the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl groups, 2-carbon remnants of nutrients

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31
Q

What is released/recycled from from the citric acid cycle to carry additional acetyl groups to the pathway

A

Coenzyme A

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32
Q

The electrons and hydrogen ions that are harvested fro the citric acid cycle are used in the process of _______________

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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33
Q

Glycolysis begins with what substrate

A

D-glucose

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34
Q

Is glycolysis an anaerobic or aerobic process

A

Anaerobic

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35
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed by the process of substrate level phosphorylation

A

4

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36
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis

A

2 molecules

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37
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, ________ is used as a source of electrons in fermentation reactions

A

NADH

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38
Q

NAD+ is a coenzyme derived from

A

The vitamin Niacin

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39
Q

Examples of symptoms that arise if a person has a genetic defect in a glycolysis enzymes

A
  • Muscle myopathy
  • hemolytic anemia
  • Tauri’s disease
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40
Q

What causes tauri’s disease

A

Deficiency in phosphofructokinase

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41
Q

Who is most likely to suffer from Tauri’s disease

A
  • males
  • U.s Ashkenazi Jews
  • Italians
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42
Q

T or F: In Patients with late onset Tauri Disease, they often experienced exercise intolerance when they were young

A

T

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43
Q

In patients with Tauri’s disease, wheat types of meals (nutrients) worsen exercise tolerance

A

High in carbohydrates

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44
Q

Early onset Tauri disease is often associated with
A. Seizures
B. Respiratory failure
C. Kidney Failure
D. Cardiomyopathy
E. Paralysis
F. Cortical Blindness

A

A, B, D, F

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45
Q

Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency is a sex linked genetic disorder located on the ______ chromosome, more specifically on chromosome ______

A

X; 7

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46
Q

In what nationalities is Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency typically found

A

U.S. African Americans, Italian, Japanese

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47
Q

Symptoms of Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency:
A. Exercise Intolerance and muscle pain
B. Kidney failure
C. Mental challenge
D. Myoglobinuria
E. Seizures
F. No symptoms

A

A, C, D, E

Ranges from mental challenge and seizures to slowly progressive myopathy and hemolytic anemia. Book then specifically lists A and D

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48
Q

In glycolysis, the first set of steps is the investment of _______ and the second set of remaining reactions result in a ________

A

ATP energy
Net energy yield

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49
Q

What is reaction 1 of glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylation by hexokinase in a coupled phosphorylation reaction

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50
Q

Why is reaction 1 of glycolysis referred to as a “debt” reaction

A

Purpose of catabolism is production of ATP/energy… the first reaction uses energy to occur but it necessary to start to reaction pathway

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51
Q

Reaction 2 of glycolysis is a conversion of a:
A. Aldose to a ketose
B. Ketose to an ester
C. Ketose to an Aldose
D. Ester to an Aldose

A

A

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52
Q

Is reaction 2 of glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate is rearrange to produce fructose-6-phosphate, a _____________ of glucose-6-phophate

A

Isomer

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53
Q

In reaction 2, the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is an __________ reaction

A

Enediol reaction

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54
Q

The catalyst of reaction 1 in glycolysis

A

Hexokinase

55
Q

The catalyst of reaction 2 in glycolysis

A

Phosphoglucose Isomerase

56
Q

The catalyst of reaction 3 in glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

57
Q

What is the product formed in reaction 3 of glycolysis

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

58
Q

Catalyst for reaction 4 of glycolysis

A

Aldolase

59
Q

The two products of reaction 4 in glycolysis from the reactant Fructose-1,6,-biphosphate

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) & Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate (G3P)

60
Q

What happens in reaction 5 of glycolysis

A

The DHAP of reaction 4 is converted to more G3P

61
Q

The catalyst for reaction 5 in glycolysis

A

Triode phosphate isomerase

62
Q

Beginning at what reaction in glycolysis will reactions occur twice and why

A

Reaction 6 because there were 2 G3P molecules created from reactions 4 & 5

63
Q

The first reaction in glycolysis that harvests energy

A

Reaction 6

64
Q

Catalyst for reaction 6 of glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

65
Q

What happens in reaction 6 of glycolysis

A

G3P + NAD+ is OXIDIZED to a carboxylic acid + NADH

66
Q

Catalyst of reaction 7 of glycolysis

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

67
Q

How it ATP formed in reaction 7 of glycolysis

A

High energy bond to phosphate group is broken and energy release produces ATP

68
Q

Catalyst of reaction 8 in glycolysis

A

Phophoglycerate mutase

69
Q

In reaction 8 of glycolysis, 3-phosphoglycerate is isomerized to form

A

2-phosphoglycerate

70
Q

Catalyst of reaction 9 in glycolysis

A

Enolase

71
Q

What happens in reaction 9 of glycolysis

A

Dehydration reaction of 2-phophoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

72
Q

Catalyst of reaction 10 in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate kinase

73
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

74
Q

From reaction 6-10 of glycolysis, how much NADH and ATP molecules are produced

A

2 NADH
4 ATP—> Net gain 2 ATP d/t ATP consumptions in earlier reaction of pathway

75
Q

A major mechanism for the control of the rate of glycolysis is

A

Allosteric enzymes

76
Q

Examples of effectors that indicate energy needs of the cell

A

ATP—> high concentration= sufficient energy
AMP/ADP—> indicate the cell needs ATP produced

77
Q

Which is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase?
A. AMP
B. ADP
C. ATP
D. Citrate

A

C and D

78
Q

Which is an allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase?
A. AMP
B. ADP
C. ATP

A

A and B

79
Q

The inhibition of phosphofructokinase by citrate is an example of

A

Feedback inhibiton

80
Q

Activation og phosphpofrucktokinase in earlier reactions results in the activation of Pyruvate kinase. This is an example of what type of activation

A

Feedforward activation

81
Q

Catabolic reactions that occur with no net oxidation

A

Fermentations

82
Q

Under aerobic conditions, NADH will be
A. Reduced
B. Reoxidized

A

B

83
Q

Pyruvate is ________ as NADH is oxidized

A

Reduced

84
Q

When overworking muscles, what reactions in glycolysis allow us to keep going

A

Lactate dehydrogenase reduces Pyruvate to lactate. (NADH is reducing agent). As Pyruvate is reduces, NADH is oxidized and NAD+ is again available allowing for glycolysis

85
Q

When overworking muscles and ATP production stops, the point of exhaustion when the muscles can no longer function is called

A

Anaerobic threshold

86
Q

What are the two products of alcohol fermentation

A

Ethanol and CO2

87
Q

What is the pathways for alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase removes CO2 from Pyruvate to produce ethanal—> alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of ethanal to ethanol and oxidation of NADH to NAD+

88
Q

The fermentation reaction caused by gangrene

A

Butyric acid, butanol, acetone fermentation

89
Q

Three shared traits of fermentations

A
  1. They use Pyruvate produced in glycolysis
  2. They reoxidize NADH produced in glycolysis
  3. They are self-limiting bc the accumulated end product eventually kills products it produced
90
Q

T or F: the pentode phosphate pathwa is an alternative pathway for fructose oxidation

A

F: alternative for glucose oxidation

91
Q

Precursor (from pentode phosphate pathway) for amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

A

Erythrose-4-phosphate

92
Q

In what type of tissues is pentode phosphate pathway most active

A

Tissues involved in cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis: liver and adipose tissues

93
Q

Glucogenesis is the production of glucose from

A

No carbohydrate starting materials

94
Q

Glucogenesis occurs primarily in

A

Liver

95
Q

In Glucogenesis, can be used to make glucose
A. Lactate
B. All amino acids
C. All amino acids except leucine and lysine
D. Glycerol
E. Lipids

A

A, C, D

96
Q

Glucogenesis pathways is similar to glycolysis in all steps except

A

1,3,10 in glycolysis are irreversible

97
Q

What is produced in reaction 10 of Glucogenesis

A

Oxaloacetate

98
Q

The conversion of lactate into glucose is a cyclic process between the liver and skeletal muscles

A

Cori Cycle

99
Q

What do the three irreversible reactions of glycolysis have in common

A

Involve transfer of high energy phosphoryl groups

100
Q

T or F: the brain and blood cells can store glucose

A

F, they cannot

101
Q

What is the total amount of blood glucose in a 70 kg adult

A

20 grams

102
Q

What is the consumption rate of glucose by the brain

A

5-6 g an hour

103
Q

T or F: glycogen in skeletal muscle is a main source for blood glucose

A

F: this glycogen is unable to contribute to blood glucose

104
Q

How is a main long chain on glycogen linked

A

Alpha (1–>4) glycosidic bonds

105
Q

Glycogen granules are found in the cytoplasm of the (choose 2)
A. Kidneys
B. Liver
C. Muscle cells
D. Heart
E. Intestines

A

B & C

106
Q

What do glycogen granules do

A

Exist in complexes with hte enzymes that are responsible for glycogen synthesis and degradation

107
Q

The degradation of glycogen

A

Glycogenolysis

108
Q

Step 1 of glycogenolysis

A

The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes phophorolysis of a glucose at one end of a glycogen polymer… displaces a glucose unit by a phosphate group. Glucose-1-phosphate is produced w/o using ATP

109
Q

Called the debranching enzyme

A

Glycosidase

110
Q

In step 2 of glycogenolysis, Glycosidase hydrolyzes the ________ bond at a branch point and frees one molecules of glucose

A

alpha (1—>6) glycosidic

111
Q

In step 3 of glycogenolysis, glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by what enzyme

A

Phosphoglucomutase

112
Q

Two hormones that control glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

113
Q

Where is glucagon synthesized

A

Pancreas

114
Q

Produced by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels

A

Insulin

115
Q

Insulin stimulates the synthesis of __________. This is called ____________

A

Glycogen; glycogenesis

116
Q

Two enzymes that are involved in glycogen synthesis

A

Glycogen synthase and Glucokinase

117
Q

How does the liver promote glycogen synthesis and storage

A

By inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase which inhibits glycogen degradation & stimulating glycogen synthase and glucokinase

118
Q

T or F: glycogenesis and glycogenolysis reactions are the reverse of one another

A

F

119
Q

In glycogen synthesis, how does the liver trap glucose within the cell

A

By phosphorylating

120
Q

in the first reaction of glycogen synthesis, the reactants glucose and ATP are catalyzed with glucokinase to form

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

121
Q

The second reaction of glycogenesis: glucose-6-phosphate is catalyzes by phosphoglucomutase to form

A

Glucose-1-phosphate

122
Q

In glycogenesis, glucose-1-phosphate must be activated by ________________… a reaction that is catalyzed by ___________

A

Uridine triphosphate (UTP); pyrophosphorylase

123
Q

In glycogenesis, the enzyme __________ breaks the phosphoester linkage of UDP-glucose and forms an alpha (1–>4) glycosidic bond between glucose and growing chain of glycogen

A

Glycogen synthase

124
Q

Describe the reactions catalyzed by the branching enzyme

A

Removes a section of alpha (1–>4) linked glucose units from a glycogen polymer and reattachs them in a alpha (1–>6) linkage elsewhere in the chain

125
Q

Hyperglycemia is from insulin stimulating what

A

the uptake of glucose

126
Q

Hypoglycemia stimulates what

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

127
Q

An inherited defect of glycogen metabolism causes by a defective gene for glucose-6-phosphatase

A

Gierke’s Disease

128
Q

What are two symptoms of Gierke’s Disease

A

Massive liver and blood sugar drops between meals

129
Q

Causes by a genetic defect in the debranching enzyme

A

Cori’s Disease

130
Q

Results from a genetic defect in the branching enzyme resulting in a decrease efficiency of glycogen storage

A

Anderson’s Disease

131
Q

Disease where muscle cells lack the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and cannot degrade glycogen to glucose and thus have little tolerance for physical exercise

A

McArdle’s disease

132
Q

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism in terms of their relationship to ATP

A

Catabolic reactions generate ATP while anabolic reactions require ATP

133
Q

Why are red blood cells particularly susceptible to a deficiency of an enzyme in the glycolysis pathway?

A

RBC are completely dependent on glycolysis for their ATP… Defect would lead to insufficient ATP and would cause RBC death

610 Physical Sciences Of ANE (5 decks)

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