Chapter 22

Question 1

“10 percent” Reconstruction plan

Answer 1

Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation

Question 2

Black Codes

Answer 2

Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners’ criticisms of President Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction policies.

Question 3

carpetbaggers

Answer 3

Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

Question 4

Civil Rights Bill, 1866

Answer 4

Passed over Andrew Johnson’s veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.

Question 5

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 5

Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women’s suffrage.

Question 6

Force Acts

Answer 6

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Question 7

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 7

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.

Question 8

Freedmen’s Bureau

Answer 8

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators

Question 9

Ku Klux Klan

Answer 9

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.

Question 10

Reconstruction Act 1867

Answer 10

Passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.

Question 11

scalawags

Answer 11

Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.

Question 12

Tenure of Office Act

Answer 12

Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.

Question 13

Union League

Answer 13

Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Question 14

Wade-Davis Bill

Answer 14

Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln’s “10 percent plan,” it required that 50 percent of a state’s voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South

Question 15

Woman’s Loyal League

Answer 15

Women’s organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

Question 16

Oliver O. Howard

Answer 16

Union general known as the “Christian general” because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep religious piety. He was given charge of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865, with the mission of integrating the freed slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era.

Question 17

Andrew Johnson

Answer 17

A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Heis one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote.

Question 18

Presidential Reconstruction

Answer 18

Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln’s plan for the political Reconstruction of the 11 former states of the Confederacy

Question 19

Congressional Reconstruction

Answer 19

also called radical or military reconstruction, to ten years (1867-77) of northern occupation in teh south meant to guarantee the rights and freedom of former slaves

Question 20

Swing Round the Circle

Answer 20

A disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took.

Question 21

Radical Republicans

Answer 21

wanted to democratize the South, establish public education, and ensure the rights or free people; strongly promoted free blacks and black suffrage

Question 22

Moderate Republicans

Answer 22

Group of Republicans that agreed with Lincoln that the Southern states should be re-admitted into the Union as simply as possible

Question 23

Charles Sumner

Answer 23

Leader of the radical Republicans in the Senate

Question 24

Thaddeus Stevens

Answer 24

Thaddeus Stevens Leader of the radical Republicans in the House of Representatives

Question 25

Redeemers

Answer 25

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Question 26

Hiram Revels

Answer 26

He was the first African-American senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, he worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.

Question 27

Blanche K. Bruce

Answer 27

A black senator sent by Republicans in the South to Congress.

Question 28

Impeachment

Answer 28

The congressional decision to remove a president from office

Question 29

Confederate President Jefferson Davis spent two years in prison but was never charged with or convicted of treason. True or False

Answer 29

True

Question 30

The Freedmen's Bureau was created as a kind of federal welfare agency to provide food, medical care, and education to former slaves. True or False

Answer 30

True

Question 31

3. The radical Republicans were unable to pass a constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote. True or False

Answer 31

False

Question 32

Even though it was eventually stamped out by federal force, the Ku Klux Klan largely succeeded in its goal of intimidating and suppressing black voters. True or False

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Andrew Johnson was impeached for the high crime of refusing to enforce black civil rights and voting rights. True or False

Answer 33

False

Question 34

The two largest denominational homes for blacks after the Civil War were the

Answer 34

Baptist and African Methodist Episcopal Churches.

Question 35

All of the following were true of emancipation in the South EXCEPT a. some masters were never forced to recognize their slaves' permanent freedom. b. other slaves' pentup bitterness burst forth violently on the day of liberation. c. some planters resisted emancipation more legalistically, stubbornly protesting that slavery was lawful until state legislatures or the Supreme Court declared otherwise. d. loyalty to the plantation master prompted some slaves to resist the liberating Union armies.

Answer 35

a. some masters were never forced to recognize their slaves' permanent freedom

Question 36

8. All of the following were true of the Freedman's Bureau EXCEPT a. it was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees. b. heading the bureau was a warmly sympathetic friend of blacks, Union general Oliver O. Howard, who later founded and served as president of Howard University. c. the bureau was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency. d. the bureau achieved its greatest successes in land redistribution.

Answer 36

d. the bureau achieved its greatest successes in land redistribution.

Question 37

President Lincoln pocket vetoed Congress's WadeDavis Bill for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. Lincoln insisted that the seceders had indeed left the Union—had "committed suicide" as republican states—and had therefore forfeited all their rights. b. the bill demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation. c. the bill required that 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance. d. he thought it set too high a standard for readmitting southern states to the Union.

Answer 37

a. Lincoln insisted that the seceders had indeed left the Union—had "committed suicide" as republican states—and had therefore forfeited all their rights.

Question 38

The Freedmen's Bureau achieved its greatest success in

Answer 38

providing education for blacks.

Question 39

11. In contrast to radical Republicans, moderate Republicans generally favored

Answer 39

c. states' rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals' lives.

Question 40

12. In the congressional elections of 1866, Andrew Johnson

Answer 40

vetoed a bill (later repassed) extending the life of the controversial Freedmen's Bureau

Question 41

The Fourteenth Amendment provided for

Answer 41

full citizenship and civil rights for former slaves.

Question 42

14. All of the following were true of radical regimes' rule in the Reconstruction South EXCEPT a. the radical legislatures passed much desirable legislation and introduced many badly needed reforms. b. tax systems were streamlined; public works were launched; and property rights were guaranteed to women. c. none of their reforms were retained by the allwhite Redeemer governments that later returned to power. d. for the first time in Southern history, steps were taken toward establishing adequate public schools.

Answer 42

c. none of their reforms were retained by the allwhite | Redeemer governments that later returned to power.

Question 43

Women'srights | leaders opposed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because

Answer 43

a. the amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women.

Question 44

16. All of the following represented Radical Republican proposals EXCEPT

Answer 44

a. Ex parte Milligan.

Question 45

17. Southern strategy for dealing with Reconstruction was carried through by a group known as

Answer 45

d. Redeemers.

Question 46

18. The radical Republican law that laid the basis for Andrew Johnson's impeachment declared that

Answer 46

a. the President could not remove a member of the Cabinet without consent of the Senate.

Question 47

19. The popular destination of many black Exodusters who fled the South after the Civil War and emancipation was

Answer 47

Kansas.

Question 48

20. The focus of black community life after emancipation became

Answer 48

b. the black church.

Question 49

21. All of the following were true of the Black Codes EXCEPT they a. varied in severity from state to state. b. were designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks, much as the slave statutes had done in pre−Civil War days. c. were federal laws designed to guarantee that former slaves enjoyed complete emancipation and freedom of movement. d. aimed, first of all, to ensure a stable and subservient labor force.

Answer 49

c. were federal laws designed to guarantee that former slaves enjoyed complete emancipation and freedom of movement.

Question 50

The presence of socalled | "whitewashed rebels" in Congress

Answer 50

d. infuriated the Republicans in Congress who had fought the war to restore the Union.

Question 51

All of the following were true of black politicians during Reconstruction EXCEPT a. no blacks served in state governments as lieutenant governors and representatives, and in local governments as mayors, magistrates, sheriffs, and justices of the peace. b. though elections produced no black governors or majorities in state senates, black political participation expanded exponentially during Reconstruction. c. they formed the backbone of the black political community. d. at the conventions, they sat down with whites to hammer out new state constitutions.

Answer 51

a. no blacks served in state governments as lieutenant governors and representatives, and in local governments as mayors, magistrates, sheriffs, and justices of the peace

Question 52

24. The primary purpose of the Ku Klux Klan was to

Answer 52

suppress AfricanAmerican | political power.

Question 53

25. The skeptical public finally accepted Seward's purchase of Alaska because

Answer 53

Russia had been the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War.