Chapter 22 Flashcards
“10 percent” Reconstruction plan
Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation
Black Codes
Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners’ criticisms of President Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction policies.
carpetbaggers
Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.
Civil Rights Bill, 1866
Passed over Andrew Johnson’s veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.
Fifteenth Amendment
Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women’s suffrage.
Force Acts
Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.
Fourteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators
Ku Klux Klan
An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.
Reconstruction Act 1867
Passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.
scalawags
Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.
Tenure of Office Act
Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.
Union League
Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.
Wade-Davis Bill
Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln’s “10 percent plan,” it required that 50 percent of a state’s voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South
Woman’s Loyal League
Women’s organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.
Oliver O. Howard
Union general known as the “Christian general” because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep religious piety. He was given charge of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865, with the mission of integrating the freed slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era.
Andrew Johnson
A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Heis one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote.
Presidential Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln’s plan for the political Reconstruction of the 11 former states of the Confederacy
Congressional Reconstruction
also called radical or military reconstruction, to ten years (1867-77) of northern occupation in teh south meant to guarantee the rights and freedom of former slaves
Swing Round the Circle
A disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took.
Radical Republicans
wanted to democratize the South, establish public education, and ensure the rights or free people; strongly promoted free blacks and black suffrage
Moderate Republicans
Group of Republicans that agreed with Lincoln that the Southern states should be re-admitted into the Union as simply as possible
Charles Sumner
Leader of the radical Republicans in the Senate
Thaddeus Stevens
Thaddeus Stevens Leader of the radical Republicans in the House of Representatives
Redeemers
Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to “redeem” the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.
Hiram Revels
He was the first African-American senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, he worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.
Blanche K. Bruce
A black senator sent by Republicans in the South to Congress.
Impeachment
The congressional decision to remove a president from office
Confederate President Jefferson Davis spent two years in prison but was never charged with or convicted of
treason. True or False
True
The Freedmen’s Bureau was created as a kind of federal welfare agency to provide food, medical care, and
education to former slaves. True or False
True
- The radical Republicans were unable to pass a constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote. True or False
False
Even though it was eventually stamped out by federal force, the Ku Klux Klan largely succeeded in its goal of
intimidating and suppressing black voters. True or False
True
Andrew Johnson was impeached for the high crime of refusing to enforce black civil rights and voting rights. True or False
False
The two largest denominational homes for blacks after the Civil War were the
Baptist and African Methodist Episcopal Churches.
All of the following were true of emancipation in the South EXCEPT
a. some masters were never forced to recognize their slaves’ permanent freedom.
b. other slaves’ pentup
bitterness burst forth violently on the day of liberation.
c. some planters resisted emancipation more legalistically, stubbornly protesting that slavery was lawful until state legislatures or
the Supreme Court declared otherwise.
d. loyalty to the plantation master prompted some slaves to resist the liberating Union armies.
a. some masters were never forced to recognize their slaves’ permanent freedom
- All of the following were true of the Freedman’s Bureau EXCEPT
a. it was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees.
b. heading the bureau was a warmly sympathetic friend of blacks, Union general Oliver O. Howard, who later founded and served as
president of Howard University.
c. the bureau was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency.
d. the bureau achieved its greatest successes in land redistribution.
d. the bureau achieved its greatest successes in land redistribution.
President Lincoln pocket vetoed Congress’s WadeDavis
Bill for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a. Lincoln insisted that the seceders had indeed left the Union—had “committed suicide” as republican states—and had therefore
forfeited all their rights.
b. the bill demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation.
c. the bill required that 50 percent of a state’s voters take the oath of allegiance.
d. he thought it set too high a standard for readmitting
southern states to the Union.
a. Lincoln insisted that the seceders had indeed left the Union—had “committed suicide” as republican states—and had therefore
forfeited all their rights.
The Freedmen’s Bureau achieved its greatest success in
providing education for blacks.
- In contrast to radical Republicans, moderate Republicans generally favored
c. states’ rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals’ lives.
- In the congressional elections of 1866, Andrew Johnson
vetoed a bill (later repassed) extending the life of the controversial Freedmen’s Bureau
The Fourteenth Amendment provided for
full citizenship and civil rights for former slaves.
- All of the following were true of radical regimes’ rule in the Reconstruction South EXCEPT
a. the radical legislatures passed much desirable legislation and introduced many badly needed reforms.
b. tax systems were streamlined; public works were launched; and property rights were guaranteed to women.
c. none of their reforms were retained by the allwhite
Redeemer governments that later returned to power.
d. for the first time in Southern history, steps were taken toward establishing adequate public schools.
c. none of their reforms were retained by the allwhite
Redeemer governments that later returned to power.
Women’srights
leaders opposed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because
a. the amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women.
- All of the following represented Radical Republican proposals EXCEPT
a. Ex parte Milligan.
- Southern strategy for dealing with Reconstruction was carried through by a group known as
d. Redeemers.
- The radical Republican law that laid the basis for Andrew Johnson’s impeachment declared that
a. the President could not remove a member of the Cabinet without consent of the Senate.
- The popular destination of many black Exodusters who fled the South after the Civil War and emancipation was
Kansas.
- The focus of black community life after emancipation became
b. the black church.
- All of the following were true of the Black Codes EXCEPT they
a. varied in severity from state to state.
b. were designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks, much as the slave statutes had done in pre−Civil War days.
c. were federal laws designed to guarantee that former slaves enjoyed complete emancipation and freedom of movement.
d. aimed, first of all, to ensure a stable and subservient labor force.
c. were federal laws designed to guarantee that former slaves enjoyed complete emancipation and freedom of movement.
The presence of socalled
“whitewashed rebels” in Congress
d. infuriated the Republicans in Congress who had fought the war to restore the Union.
All of the following were true of black politicians during Reconstruction EXCEPT
a. no blacks served in state governments as lieutenant governors and representatives, and in local governments as mayors,
magistrates, sheriffs, and justices of the peace.
b. though elections produced no black governors or majorities in state senates, black political participation expanded exponentially
during Reconstruction.
c. they formed the backbone of the black political community.
d. at the conventions, they sat down with whites to hammer out new state constitutions.
a. no blacks served in state governments as lieutenant governors and representatives, and in local governments as mayors,
magistrates, sheriffs, and justices of the peace
- The primary purpose of the Ku Klux Klan was to
suppress AfricanAmerican
political power.
- The skeptical public finally accepted Seward’s purchase of Alaska because
Russia had been the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War.
