Chapter 21 Flashcards
Antietam, Battle of
Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the “victory” he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
Appomattox Courthouse
Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the “Wilderness Campaign.”
Bull Run (Manassas junction), Battle of
First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory.
Bull Run, Second Battle of
Civil War battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North
Copperheads
Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation.
Emancipation Proclamation
Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.
Fredericksburg, Battle of
Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines.
Gettysburg Address
Abraham Lincoln’s oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.
Gettysburg, Battle of
Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett’s daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines.
Merrimack
Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862
Monitor
See Merrimack.
Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862
Peninsula Campaign
Union General George B. McClellan’s failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.
Sherman’s march
Union General William Tecumseh Sherman’s destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of “total war,” purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort.
Shiloh, Battle of
Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory.
Vicksburg, siege of
Two-and-a-half month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two.
Wilderness Campaign
A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant’s and Robert E. Lee’s armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant’s capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
Thomas J. Jackson
A Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the most well-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee. His military career includes the Valley Campaign of 1862 and his service as a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863, which the general survived, albeit with the loss of an arm to amputation. However, he died of complications of pneumonia eight days later.
George B. McClellan
A major general during the American Civil War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, he played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union.
Robert E. Lee
the leading general of the Confederate army during the civil war.
13th Amendment (1865)
Abolition of slavery: Slavery is not allowed in any state or territory under the government of the U.S.A.
Black soldiers
The thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army A. added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause.
Fredericksburg
Battle of Fredericksburg The Union, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the defeat.
Chancellorsville
Battle of Chancellorsville The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men.
A.E. Burnside
Ambrose E. Burnside Had twice before been offered command of the Army of the Potomac, after the Peninsula and Second Bull Run Campaigns. Each time he had expressed that he did not feel competent to command such a large force. However, in early November, President Lincoln relieved McClellan and he reluctantly accepted the command. A month later he crossed his army to the south of the Rappahannock River but was defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862. In January 1863, he attempted to launch another offensive campaign, known as the Mud March; poor weather conditions resulted in another failure. President Lincoln relieved him of command and transferred him to the Western Theater
Joseph Hooker
United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee
George Pickett
Confederate general who led Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg
George Meade
Union general who replaced Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, where he finally broke the Confederate attack.
U.S. Grant
Ulysses S Grant Eventual leader of the Union army, accepts Lee’s surrender
Vicksburg
Battle of Vicksburg 1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins
William Tecumseh Sherman
General William Tecumseh Sherman In 1864, heavily relied on by Lincoln. Won brilliantly in Atlanta. Basically destroyed the South. In Sherman’s march he took 300-mile march to the sea from Atlanta, destroying everything in his path and freeing slaves. Also ravaged South Carolina. The South was not pleased.
Election of 1864
Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he’s elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins
Andrew Johnson
A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.
John Wilkes Booth
assissnated President Lincoln
Fort Pillow
A particularly gruesome massacre occured at Fort Pillow, Tennesse, in 1864. Confederate troops killed over 200 African-American prisoners and some whites. Even though most Southerners opposed the idea of African-American soldiers, the Confederacy did consider drafting slaves and free blacks in 1863 and again in 1864. Mississippi site where black soldiers were massacred after their surrender
Fredericksburg
Battle of Fredericksburg (December 1862) Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines.
Chancellorsville
Battle of Chancellorsville The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men.
U.S. Grant
became the first president after the Civil War; previously a Union General who defeated General Lee at Appomattox Court House, which ended the Civil War; during presidency several scams passed through Congress; the Panic of 1873 (over speculation) came about in his reign
The South’s defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run nearly led to the collapse of the Confederacy before it could fully mobilize its armies. True or False
False
Until the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863, Lincoln refused to declare that a Union war aim was the end
of slavery. True or False
False
The extreme Copperhead wing of the Democratic Party provided active opposition to the northern war effort and
sought a negotiated peace with the South. True or False
True
General George McClellan’s failure in the Peninsula Campaign virtually guaranteed that there would be a long and
bloody total war between North and South. True or False
True
General William Sherman’s practice of total war was designed to undermine Confederate morale by attacking
southern civilians and destroying their property. True or False
True
After George McClellan’s failure to capture Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign, President Lincoln
fired McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac.
All of the following were part of the Union military strategy established in 1862 EXCEPT
a. to strangle the South through blockade.
b. economic boycott rather than direct military invasion.
c. cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River backbone.
d. liberate the slaves and hence undermine the very economic foundations of the Old South.
b. economic boycott rather than direct military invasion.
All of the following were true of southern blockade runners EXCEPT
a. Britain insisted that Lincoln maintain impossibly high blockading standards.
b. the most successful blockade runners were swift, graypainted
steamers, scores of which were specially built in Scotland.
c. a leading rendezvous was the West Indies port of Nassau, in the British Bahamas.
d. blockaderunning
was risky but profitable.
a. Britain insisted that Lincoln maintain impossibly high blockading standards.
The battle between the Monitor and the Merrimack
d. heralded the doom of wooden warships.
The battle at Antietam was critical because
it was the longawaited
victory that Lincoln needed for launching his Emancipation Proclamation.
Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves
under control of the rebellious Confederate states.
The black soldiers’ brave and valuable service in the Union Army
strengthened their case for full citizenship after the Civil War.
Southerners failed to arm the slaves until the final month of the war for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a. slave resistance, such as slowdowns, strikes, and open defiance, diminished productivity and undermined discipline.
b. slaves were “the stomach of the Confederacy.”
c. tens of thousands were forced into labor battalions, the building of fortifications, the supplying of armies, and other warconnected
activities.
d. pride, prejudice, and principle.
a. slave resistance, such as slowdowns, strikes, and open defiance, diminished productivity and undermined discipline.
After his victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, General Ulysses Grant became identified with the Union policy
of
unconditional surrender.
All of the following were true of Grant’s approach EXCEPT
a. he was less likely to pursue a vanquished foe than his fellow general Meade.
b. a soldier of bulldog tenacity, Grant was the man for this meatgrinder
type of warfare.
c. his overall basic strategy was to assail the enemy’s armies simultaneously, so that they could not assist one another and hence
could be destroyed piecemeal.
d. his personal motto was “When in doubt, fight.”
Lincoln’s victory in the Election of 1864 was
in doubt until the great Union victories in the Battles of Atlanta and Mobile Bay.
Lincoln named Andrew Johnson as his vice presidential running mate in 1864 because
Johnson was a War Democrat and Union loyalist from the South.
One effect of the first Battle of Bull Run was to
increase the South’s already dangerous overconfidence.
Lee’s invasion of Maryland in 1862 was intended to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
a. bring the aid of the border states Confederacy.
b. gain the support of the European great powers.
c. follow up his crushing defeat inflicted on Pope’s troops.
d. undermine Lincoln’s rationale for the Emancipation Proclamation.
d. undermine Lincoln’s rationale for the Emancipation Proclamation.
Eventual Confederate surrender
came after Northern troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse.
The two final, extremely bloody battles in which Grant frontally assaulted Lee’s forces were
the Wilderness and Cold Harbor.
The Copperheads were
Northern Democrats who opposed the Union war effort.
All of the following were true of Sherman’s march EXCEPT
a. he daringly left his supply base, lived off the country for some 250 miles, and, weeks later, emerged at Savannah on the sea.
b. his hated Blue Bellies cut a sixtymile
swath of destruction through Georgia.
c. its major purpose was to destroy supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front.
d. it had relatively little significance either militarily or politically.
d. it had relatively little significance either militarily or politically.
The defeated general at Fredericksburg was
A. E. Burnside.
All of the following were true of the fear of slave insurrection and forms of everyday slave resistance EXCEPT
a. they necessitated Confederate home guards, keeping many eligible young white men from the front.
b. it proved to be justified when violent uprisings percolated throughout the South, contributing powerfully to the collapse of slavery.
c. they greatly weakened the Confederate war effort.
d. in many ways, the actions of Southern slaves hamstrung the Confederate war effort and subverted the institution of slavery.
b. it proved to be justified when violent uprisings percolated throughout the South, contributing powerfully to the collapse of slavery.
