Chapter 16 Flashcards
American Anti-Slavery Society
Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.
American Colonization Society
Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.
Amistad
Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans abroad. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.
Black Belt
Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The “Black belt” emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.
Liberia
West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s.
Cotton Kingdom
Cotton plantations expanding from South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi to Texas. As time passed, the Cotton Kingdom developed into a huge agricultural factory, pouring out avalanches of the fluffy fiber.
Southern Social Structure
. The mistress of a great plantation commanded a sizable household staff of mostly female slaves. She gave daily orders to cooks, maids, seam-stresses, laundresses, and body servants. Relationships between mistresses and slaves ranged from affectionate to atrocious. Some mistresses showed tender regard for their bondswomen, and some slave women took pride in their status as “members” of the household
Mulattoes
In the deeper South, many free blacks were mulattoes, usually the emancipated children of a white planter and his black mistress.
William T. Johnson
. Throughout the South were some free blacks who had purchased their freedom with earnings from labor after hours. Many free blacks owned property, especially in New Orleans, where a sizable mulatto community prospered. Some, such as William T. Johnson, the “barber of Natchez,” even owned slaves. He was the master of fifteen bondsmen; his diary records that in June 1848 he flogged two slaves and a mule.
Deep South
It was previously called the “lower South.” It is where cotton was most dominant. It was also called the “Cotton Kingdom.” Thousands of white people came hoping to become wealthy via cotton planting.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
A nineteenth-century American author best known for Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a powerful novel that inflamed sentiment against slavery.
Slave Resistance
coping mechanisms:
1. trickery-outsmarted and took advantage of their masters
2. religion-provided spiritual support and hope for freedom
physical forms of resistance:
3. escape-ran away to the north, especially Canada (Underground Railroad)
4. rebellion-called attention to oppressive conditions
Gabriel
Gabriel’s Rebellion 1. in VA in 1800, Gabriel, a slave blacksmith, and his brother, a slave preacher, organized a band of slaves who seized an armory in Richmond & killed all whites in their path
2. results: Gabriel & his followers were killed and VA made slave laws stricter
Denmark Vesey
Rebellion 1. in Charleston in 1819, Vesey, a slave carpenter (who purchased his own freedom), recruited slaves for an attack on the city, however, his plan was betrayed
2. results: Vesey & his recruits were killed
Nat Turner
Rebellion 1. in VA in 1831, Turner, a slave preacher (convinced that he’d been chosen by God to free his people), organized slaves to slaughter whites as they moved from farm to farm (80 slaves joined; 60 whites killed)
2. results: Turner & his followers were killed and VA made slave laws more stringent
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams’ work.
Abolitionism
Abolitionism was the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves. This was generally considered radical, and there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War. Almost all abolitionists advocated legal, but not social equality for blacks. Many abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison were extremely vocal and helped to make slavery a national issue, creating sectional tension because most abolitionists were from the North.
William Wilberforce
A member of parliament, and an evangelical Christian reformer who unchained the slaves in the West Indied”
Theodore Dwight Weld
American abolitionist who wrote American slavery as it is.
Arthur and Lewis Tappan
New York abolitionists who gained legal help and acquittal for the Africans and managed to increase public support and fund-raising for the organized return trip home to Africa for surviving members of the group.
William Lloyd Garrison
William Lloyd Garrison A prominent abolitionist of the nineteenth century. In his newspaper, The Liberator , he called for immediate freedom for the slaves and for the end of all political ties between the northern and southern states.
David Walker
was an outspoken African American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation. A leader within the Black enclave in Boston, Massachusetts, he published in 1829 his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World: a call to “awaken my brethren” to the power within Black unity and struggle.
Sojourner Truth
An abolitionist and escaped slave of the nineteenth century. She was famous as a speaker against slavery.
Martin Delany
Black abolitionist who visited West Africa in 1859 to examine sites where African-Americans might relocate
Frederick Douglass
The most prominent black abolitionist leader; he was an escaped slave who fought to end slavery through political action
Gag Resolution
Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
Elijah Lovejoy
Illinois editor whose death at the hands of a mob made him an abolitionist martyr
Southern Social Structure
unknown?
The South believed that Britain’s economic dependence on cotton made the South politically powerful as well. True or False
True
In 1860, threefourths
of all white southerners owned no slaves at all. True or False
True
Much of the fervor of the antislavery crusade derived from the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening. True or False
True
Most slave states had strictly enforced laws protecting slaves against murder or mutilation. True or False
False
In 1850, the number of southern families who owned over 100 slaves was approximately 25,000. True or False
False
Culturally, many slaveowning
southerners were great admirers and imitators of the ___
European medieval era.
All of the following were true of the slaveowning
plantation class EXCEPT
a. in 1850, only 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves each.
b. it felt little sense of obligation to serve the public.
c. it was generally financially cautious and averse to risky investments.
d. it provided the cream of the political and social leadership of the region and nation.
b. it felt little sense of obligation to serve the public.
All of the following were true of the mountain whites of the southern Appalachians EXCEPT
a. they were generally hostile both to slavery and to the black slaves.
b. they ultimately played a significant role in supporting the Confederacy.
c. these mountain whites had little in common with the whites of the flatlands.
d. they looked upon the impending strife between North and South as “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”
b. they ultimately played a significant role in supporting the Confederacy.
Among the economic consequences of the South’s cotton economy was
a dependence on the North for trade and manufacturing.
Most slave owners
cared for slaves as any asset is cared for by a prudent capitalist.
All of the following represented slave attempts at resistance EXCEPT
a. they sabotaged expensive equipment, stopping the work routine altogether until repairs were accomplished.
b. they refused to accept their masters’ religion of Christianity.
c. occasionally, they poisoned their masters’ food.
d. they often slowed the pace of their labor to the barest minimum.
b. they refused to accept their masters’ religion of Christianity.
Many northern free blacks were especially hated by Irish immigrants because
free blacks competed with the Irish for menial jobs.
The most brutal and widely criticized feature of the slave system was the
breakup of slave families through sale.
All of the following were ultimately unsuccessful slave revolts EXCEPT
a. the slave revolt aboard the Amistad.
b. Nat Turner’s revolt in Northern Virginia.
c. Denmark Vesey’s rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina.
d. the armed insurrection led by a slave named Gabriel in Richmond, Virginia.
a. the slave revolt aboard the Amistad.
All of the following characterized slave religion EXCEPT
a. distinctive religious forms, developed from a mixture of Christian and African elements.
b. rejection of the evangelists of the Second Great Awakening.
c. the responsorial style of preaching.
d. haunting spirituals, which implored: Tell old Pharaoh.
b. rejection of the evangelists of the Second Great Awakening.
The bible story that played an especially large role in African American Christianity was the story of
the Israelites in Egypt.
The Lane Rebels of Ohio were
antislavery seminary students who preached abolitionism after they were expelled.
The American Colonization Society established a home for freed American slaves in the African nation of
Liberia.
In opposition to William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass believed that slavery should be ended through
organizing an antislavery
political party.
The agitation in the North against the spread of slavery into the new territories in the 1840s and 1850s
often grew out of race prejudice, not humanitarianism.
All of the following were true of immigration in the years between 1800 and 1860 EXCEPT
a. German and Irish immigration to the South was generally discouraged by the competition of slave labor.
b. the diverting of nonBritish
immigration to the North caused the white South to become the most AngloSaxon
section of the
nation.
c. the possibility of becoming wealthy slaveowners
attracted many British and Irish immigrants to the South.
d. many immigrants were discouraged by the high cost of fertile land and by European ignorance of cotton growing.
c. the possibility of becoming wealthy slaveowners
attracted many British and Irish immigrants to the South.
The number of slaves in the South of 1860 was approximately
4 million.
Mark Twain accused Walter Scott of
having had a hand in starting the Civil War.
The average price of a prime field hand by 1860 was approximately
$1,800.
Slaves were often prevented from performing the most dangerous forms of labor because
they were too valuable an investment to risk losing in an accident.
