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Global Studies > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the geocentric theory? (22.1)

1 point

A

it was the idea that the earth was the center of the universe, first conceived by Aristotle

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2
Q

What was the Scientific Revolution and how was it started? (22.1)
4 points

A
  • the change of thinking in Europe that based theories of the natural world on scientific observations and the questioning of old beliefs
  • began in the mid-1500s
  • instigated by European travel to the New World, and the quicker spread of ideas with the printing press
  • also instigated by finding new things in the Age of Exploration, plus the new inventions needed in that
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3
Q

Who was Nicolaus Copernicus? (22.1)

3 points

A
  • he was a Polish astronomer
  • he studied planetary movements and found that the planets revolved around the sun instead of Earth, thereby developing the heliocentric theory
  • he published a book about that towards the end of his life
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4
Q

Who was Johannes Kepler? (22.1)

1 points

A

he was a mathematician that used math to prove that the planets orbited the sun

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5
Q

Who was Galileo Galilei? (22.1)

5 points

A
  • he built the first telescope
    • with it he found that Jupiter had 4 moons and that moons and stars had uneven surfaces
  • he also found evidence to support Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
  • his 2 books raised trouble with both the Catholics and the Protestants
  • he was put under house arrest for
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6
Q

Who was Francis Bacon? (22.1)

3 points

A
  • he was an English statesman and writer with a passion for science
  • in his writings, he attacked medieval scholars for only reasoning off of abstract theories
  • he urged people to use the scientific method
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7
Q

Who was René Descartes? (21.1)

3 points

A
  • he was a French mathematician that also urged the scientific method like Francis Bacon
  • was a big skeptic saying that everything should be doubted unless proven by math
  • said “I think, therefor I am”
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8
Q

Who was Isaac Newton? (21.1)

1 point

A

-he was a great physicist that developed the law of gravity and many other theories of motion

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9
Q

Who observed bacteria and red blood cells for the first time? (21.1)
1 point

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

What did Andreas Vesalius do? (21.1)

2 points

A
  • he dissected a human corpse for the first time

- before him, people dissected pigs, never people

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11
Q

Who was Robert Boyle? (21.1)

2 points

A
  • he is considered the founder of modern chemistry because he was the first chemist to use the scientific method
  • he rejected Aristotle’s idea that there were only 4 elements: earth, air, fire, and water
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12
Q

What was the Enlightenment? (22.2)

2 points

A
  • it was a new intellectual movement that stressed thought and the power of the individual to solve problems
  • it reached its peal in the mid 1700s
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13
Q

Who was Thomas Hobbes? (22.2)

4 points

A
  • was an English thinker
  • he said that the horrors of the English Civil war convinced him that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked, and that without government life would be “poor and nasty”
  • he argued that to avoid such a life, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler that would give them law and order and a good government
  • he favored absolute monarchy
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14
Q

Who was John Locke? (22.2)

4 points

A
  • was an English thinker
  • he said that people could learn from their mistakes and govern their own affairs, he criticized absolute monarchy and favored self-government
  • he said that people are free and equal, and that the purpose of the government is to protect these rights
  • he believed that a government’s power comes from the consent of its people, this is the basis of democracy
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15
Q

What were philosophes? (22.2)

2 points

A
  • they were social critics in France during the Enlightenment
  • they believed that they could apply reason to all areas of life
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16
Q

Who was Voltaire? (22.2)

3 points

A
  • he was the pen name of François Marie Arouet, a philosophe
  • he published many political essays
  • he combatted political intolerance using satire of the French government and aristocracy, and he was exiled to England
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17
Q

Who was Montesquieu? (22.2)

2 points

A
  • he was a philisophe that studied politics and the separation of power, and he oversimplified the English government system
  • he said “power should be a check to power”
18
Q

Who was Rosseau? (22.2)

2 points

A
  • he was a philosophe that wrote political essays, and didn’t agree with most philosophes on government
  • he agreed more with Locke than Hobbes, saying that the “general will” of society was better in which people give up some of their freedom for the common good
19
Q

Who was Beccaria? (22.2)

2 points

A
  • he was a philosophe that believed that law was for preserving social order, not avenging criminals
  • he criticized common abuses of justice in France
20
Q

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? (22.2)

1 point

A

-she was a philosophe that said that women’s education should not come secondary to men, and encouraged women to enter male-dominated fields like medicine and politics

21
Q

What are the effects of the Enlightenment? (22.2)

3 points

A
  • progression away from traditional beliefs and into new ideas
  • a more secular outlook, not as God-centered as the Middle Ages
  • more importance on the individual, people were urged to use their own ability to reason
22
Q

What were salons? (22.3)

1 point

A

-salons were social gatherings held by the hostesses of Parisian mansions; philosophers, artists, writers, and scientists met to discuss their ideas

23
Q

Who was Denis Diderot and what did he compile? (22.3)

1 point

A

-he was a French philosophe and compiled the first encyclopedia to which many scholars contributed articles and essays

24
Q

What was baroque style? (22.3)

1 point

A

-European art of the 1600-early 1700s, grand and ornate design

25
Q

What was neoclassical style? (22.3)

1 point

A

-the artistic style of the Enlightenment, borrowing themes from classical Greece and Rome

26
Q

What was the classical style? (22.3)

2 points

A
  • it was the music style during the Enlightenment

- some of the top composers were Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven

27
Q

Who was an enlightenment despot? (22.3)

1 point

A

-an absolute ruler that embraced the philosophe’s new ideas about government, but didn’t give up any power

28
Q

Who was Frederick the Great? (22.3)

2 points

A
  • he was the king of Prussia, and reformed it with the Enlightenment as an enlightenment despot by granting religious freedom and improving education and the justice system
  • he wanted to abolish serfdom but didn’t because he needed support from the wealthy
  • his attitude as king was to strengthen the country before himself
29
Q

Who was Joseph II? (22.3)

2 points

A
  • he was the successor of Maria Theresa for Austria

- he introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, freedom of worship, and abolished serfdom

30
Q

Who was Catherine the Great? (22.3)

4 points

A
  • she was the ruler of Russia during the Enlightenment and was an enlightened despot
  • she formed a commission to review Russia’s laws and make reforms based on Mentesquieu and and Beccaria, but her commission didn’t accomplish any of her goals
  • she did eventually make a few reforms, but didn’t improve the lives of the peasants
  • she greatly expanded Russia
31
Q

What was the attitude of the American colonists by the Enlightenment? (22.4)
1 point

A

-they had many more people and had been living with an established government and a good bit of independence for almost 150 years, so they saw themselves as less British and more American

32
Q

What did the Navigation Act of Parliament say? (22.4)

3 points

A
  • it said that colonists could sell their most valuable products to England only
  • the colonists also had to pay high taxes on imported French and Dutch goods
  • the colonist merchants thrived from this
33
Q

What happened during the French and Indian war? (22.4)

1 point

A

1754-1763, French colonies vs English colonies, the English won and seized French land

34
Q

What did the Stamp Act of Parliament say, and how did the colonists respond? (22.4)
4 points

A
  • colonists had to pay extra taxes on printed papers
  • the British thought that since the American colonists benefited from winning the French and Indian war, they should be taxed to help pay off the debt
  • the colonists were mad and said “no taxation without representation” since they had no reps in Parliament
35
Q

What happened right before and then on April 19, 1775? (22.4)
2 points

A
  • before, the British taxed the colonists higher on tea, which led to the Boston Tea Party
  • on April 19, 1775 British soldiers and American militiamen exchanged gunfire for the first time
36
Q

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and what was it based off of? (22.4)
1 point

A

-Thomas Jefferson, he based it off of the ideas of John Locke arguing for natural rights

37
Q

Why were the colonists so successful in the Revolutionary War? (22.4)
4 points

A
  • the colonists had stronger fighting motivation since they were defending their homeland
  • the overconfident British generals made many mistakes
  • fighting overseas was really expensive for the British, so eventually the tax-weary citizens called for peace
  • the Americans had the help of Louis XVI’s French army who wanted to get revenge on their British rivals
38
Q

Why was the US’ government weak at first? (22.4)

5 points

A
  • the Articles of Confederation deliberately made a weak government
  • they only had Congress, no executive or judicial branches
  • Congress had no power to collect taxes
  • 9 out of 13 states had to approve of a bill, so they were hard to pass to laws
  • lots of states were trying to be independent, even issuing their own money
39
Q

How was America’s original weak government fixed? (22.4)

1 point

A

-the Articles of Confederation were revised into the Constitution, based on the political theories of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rosseua

40
Q

What is the check and balances system, and what is the federal system? (22.4)
2 points

A
  • its where each branch checks the actions of the other two

- its where power is divided between national and state governments

41
Q

What is the Bill of Rights? (22.4)

1 point

A

-the ten amendments added to the Constitution protecting rights of freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, etc

Global Studies (5 decks)

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