Chapter 22 Flashcards
What was the geocentric theory? (22.1)
1 point
it was the idea that the earth was the center of the universe, first conceived by Aristotle
What was the Scientific Revolution and how was it started? (22.1)
4 points
- the change of thinking in Europe that based theories of the natural world on scientific observations and the questioning of old beliefs
- began in the mid-1500s
- instigated by European travel to the New World, and the quicker spread of ideas with the printing press
- also instigated by finding new things in the Age of Exploration, plus the new inventions needed in that
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus? (22.1)
3 points
- he was a Polish astronomer
- he studied planetary movements and found that the planets revolved around the sun instead of Earth, thereby developing the heliocentric theory
- he published a book about that towards the end of his life
Who was Johannes Kepler? (22.1)
1 points
he was a mathematician that used math to prove that the planets orbited the sun
Who was Galileo Galilei? (22.1)
5 points
- he built the first telescope
- with it he found that Jupiter had 4 moons and that moons and stars had uneven surfaces
- he also found evidence to support Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
- his 2 books raised trouble with both the Catholics and the Protestants
- he was put under house arrest for
Who was Francis Bacon? (22.1)
3 points
- he was an English statesman and writer with a passion for science
- in his writings, he attacked medieval scholars for only reasoning off of abstract theories
- he urged people to use the scientific method
Who was René Descartes? (21.1)
3 points
- he was a French mathematician that also urged the scientific method like Francis Bacon
- was a big skeptic saying that everything should be doubted unless proven by math
- said “I think, therefor I am”
Who was Isaac Newton? (21.1)
1 point
-he was a great physicist that developed the law of gravity and many other theories of motion
Who observed bacteria and red blood cells for the first time? (21.1)
1 point
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What did Andreas Vesalius do? (21.1)
2 points
- he dissected a human corpse for the first time
- before him, people dissected pigs, never people
Who was Robert Boyle? (21.1)
2 points
- he is considered the founder of modern chemistry because he was the first chemist to use the scientific method
- he rejected Aristotle’s idea that there were only 4 elements: earth, air, fire, and water
What was the Enlightenment? (22.2)
2 points
- it was a new intellectual movement that stressed thought and the power of the individual to solve problems
- it reached its peal in the mid 1700s
Who was Thomas Hobbes? (22.2)
4 points
- was an English thinker
- he said that the horrors of the English Civil war convinced him that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked, and that without government life would be “poor and nasty”
- he argued that to avoid such a life, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler that would give them law and order and a good government
- he favored absolute monarchy
Who was John Locke? (22.2)
4 points
- was an English thinker
- he said that people could learn from their mistakes and govern their own affairs, he criticized absolute monarchy and favored self-government
- he said that people are free and equal, and that the purpose of the government is to protect these rights
- he believed that a government’s power comes from the consent of its people, this is the basis of democracy
What were philosophes? (22.2)
2 points
- they were social critics in France during the Enlightenment
- they believed that they could apply reason to all areas of life
Who was Voltaire? (22.2)
3 points
- he was the pen name of François Marie Arouet, a philosophe
- he published many political essays
- he combatted political intolerance using satire of the French government and aristocracy, and he was exiled to England
Who was Montesquieu? (22.2)
2 points
- he was a philisophe that studied politics and the separation of power, and he oversimplified the English government system
- he said “power should be a check to power”
Who was Rosseau? (22.2)
2 points
- he was a philosophe that wrote political essays, and didn’t agree with most philosophes on government
- he agreed more with Locke than Hobbes, saying that the “general will” of society was better in which people give up some of their freedom for the common good
Who was Beccaria? (22.2)
2 points
- he was a philosophe that believed that law was for preserving social order, not avenging criminals
- he criticized common abuses of justice in France
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? (22.2)
1 point
-she was a philosophe that said that women’s education should not come secondary to men, and encouraged women to enter male-dominated fields like medicine and politics
What are the effects of the Enlightenment? (22.2)
3 points
- progression away from traditional beliefs and into new ideas
- a more secular outlook, not as God-centered as the Middle Ages
- more importance on the individual, people were urged to use their own ability to reason
What were salons? (22.3)
1 point
-salons were social gatherings held by the hostesses of Parisian mansions; philosophers, artists, writers, and scientists met to discuss their ideas
Who was Denis Diderot and what did he compile? (22.3)
1 point
-he was a French philosophe and compiled the first encyclopedia to which many scholars contributed articles and essays
What was baroque style? (22.3)
1 point
-European art of the 1600-early 1700s, grand and ornate design
What was neoclassical style? (22.3)
1 point
-the artistic style of the Enlightenment, borrowing themes from classical Greece and Rome
What was the classical style? (22.3)
2 points
- it was the music style during the Enlightenment
- some of the top composers were Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven
Who was an enlightenment despot? (22.3)
1 point
-an absolute ruler that embraced the philosophe’s new ideas about government, but didn’t give up any power
Who was Frederick the Great? (22.3)
2 points
- he was the king of Prussia, and reformed it with the Enlightenment as an enlightenment despot by granting religious freedom and improving education and the justice system
- he wanted to abolish serfdom but didn’t because he needed support from the wealthy
- his attitude as king was to strengthen the country before himself
Who was Joseph II? (22.3)
2 points
- he was the successor of Maria Theresa for Austria
- he introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, freedom of worship, and abolished serfdom
Who was Catherine the Great? (22.3)
4 points
- she was the ruler of Russia during the Enlightenment and was an enlightened despot
- she formed a commission to review Russia’s laws and make reforms based on Mentesquieu and and Beccaria, but her commission didn’t accomplish any of her goals
- she did eventually make a few reforms, but didn’t improve the lives of the peasants
- she greatly expanded Russia
What was the attitude of the American colonists by the Enlightenment? (22.4)
1 point
-they had many more people and had been living with an established government and a good bit of independence for almost 150 years, so they saw themselves as less British and more American
What did the Navigation Act of Parliament say? (22.4)
3 points
- it said that colonists could sell their most valuable products to England only
- the colonists also had to pay high taxes on imported French and Dutch goods
- the colonist merchants thrived from this
What happened during the French and Indian war? (22.4)
1 point
1754-1763, French colonies vs English colonies, the English won and seized French land
What did the Stamp Act of Parliament say, and how did the colonists respond? (22.4)
4 points
- colonists had to pay extra taxes on printed papers
- the British thought that since the American colonists benefited from winning the French and Indian war, they should be taxed to help pay off the debt
- the colonists were mad and said “no taxation without representation” since they had no reps in Parliament
What happened right before and then on April 19, 1775? (22.4)
2 points
- before, the British taxed the colonists higher on tea, which led to the Boston Tea Party
- on April 19, 1775 British soldiers and American militiamen exchanged gunfire for the first time
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and what was it based off of? (22.4)
1 point
-Thomas Jefferson, he based it off of the ideas of John Locke arguing for natural rights
Why were the colonists so successful in the Revolutionary War? (22.4)
4 points
- the colonists had stronger fighting motivation since they were defending their homeland
- the overconfident British generals made many mistakes
- fighting overseas was really expensive for the British, so eventually the tax-weary citizens called for peace
- the Americans had the help of Louis XVI’s French army who wanted to get revenge on their British rivals
Why was the US’ government weak at first? (22.4)
5 points
- the Articles of Confederation deliberately made a weak government
- they only had Congress, no executive or judicial branches
- Congress had no power to collect taxes
- 9 out of 13 states had to approve of a bill, so they were hard to pass to laws
- lots of states were trying to be independent, even issuing their own money
How was America’s original weak government fixed? (22.4)
1 point
-the Articles of Confederation were revised into the Constitution, based on the political theories of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rosseua
What is the check and balances system, and what is the federal system? (22.4)
2 points
- its where each branch checks the actions of the other two
- its where power is divided between national and state governments
What is the Bill of Rights? (22.4)
1 point
-the ten amendments added to the Constitution protecting rights of freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, etc
