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Global Studies > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q 
Philip II  (4 points)
 (21.1)
A
  • inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies from Charles V
  • seized the Portuguese kingdom for Spain and gained area in Africa, India, and the East Indies
  • the Spanish Empire got rich off of America
  • rigorously helped the Pope defend Catholicism against the Ottoman Muslims
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2
Q 
El Greco  (3 points)
(21.1)
A
  • did really weird art for the time period, clashed colors and distorted faces
  • symbolically showed his deep Catholic faith
  • painted during the golden age of Spain
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3
Q

Diego Velázquez (1 point)

21.1

A

-painted the pride of the Spanish monarchy during the golden age of Spain

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4
Q

Don Quixote de la Mancha (2 points)

21.1

A

a novel written by Miguel de Cervantes about a Spanish nobleman that went crazy after ready too many books about heroic knights
-showed the downfall of Medieval chivalry

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5
Q

How did Spain’s economy take a turn for the worse during their golden age? (4 points)
(21.1)

A
  • gold from America made Spain temporarily wealthy, but then inflation happened because the population grew and so much silver bullion flooded the market that it’s value dropped
  • Spain also lost valuable business people when it expelled Jew and Muslims
  • nobles didn’t have to pay tax but the lower class did, so there was no middle class
  • Spain bought cloth cheaper from other countries, so money left the country and Spanish kings had to borrow money a lot
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6
Q

What happened to the Spanish Netherlands? (2 points)

21.1

A
  • Philip II raised taxes in the Spanish Netherlands and tried to crush Protestantism
  • they revolted and became the United Provinces of the Netherlands
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7
Q

The Independent Dutch, formerly the Spanish Netherlands (3 points, 2 people)
(21.1)

A
  • had a good economy
  • had good art
  • Rembrandt van Rijn painted wealthy middle class merchants
  • Jan Vermeer painted middle class everyday life
  • the Independent Dutch had the Dutch East India Company and the largest fleet of ships in the world
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8
Q 
absolute monarchs (definition)
(21.1)
A

kings/queens that held all power all the time and believed that they had divine right

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9
Q 
divine right (definition)
(21.1)
A

the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth

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10
Q

What helped to strengthen European absolute monarchy? (1 point)
(21.1)

A

the decline of feudalism and the rise of cities

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11
Q

What happened in the Thirty Years’ War? (3 points)

21.3

A
  • it started when Ferdinand II (the ruler of Bohemia) closed some Protestant churches
  • the Protestants revolted, and the German princes got involved
  • it was a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families
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12
Q

What did the Peace of Westphalia do? (6 points)

21.3

A
  • weakened Hapsburg Spain and Austria
  • strengthened France by awarding it German territory
  • made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire
  • ended religious wars in Europe
  • introduced a new method of peace negotiation whereby participants meet to settle the problems of a war and decide the terms of peace (still used today)
  • recognized Europe as a group of equal, independent states
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13
Q 
Maria Theresa  (2 points)
(21.3)
A
  • she was Charles VI’s heir to the Austrian Hapsburg throne
  • Charles VI made the other European rulers sign an agreement that she was the sole ruler and would reign peacefully, this wasn’t really followed
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14
Q

Who were the Hohenzollems and who was their ruler during the War of Austrian Succession? (3 points)
(21.3)

A
  • They were a family that ruled with absolute monarchy over Prussia
  • their first ruler was Frederick I the Great Elector, and he had a very strong army
  • their ruler during the War of Austrian Succession was Frederick II the Great, he had a strong army but also softened some of his father’s rules
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15
Q

Who were the Junkers? (1 points)

21.3

A

The Junker family was landowning nobility that resisted Frederick I the Great, but he gave them officer rights

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16
Q

What happened in the War of Austrian Succession? (2 points)
(21.3)

A
  • Frederich II the Great wanted the Silesia region of Austria, so he attacked with France as an ally
  • Maria Theresa held Prussia and France off with the help of Hungary and Great Britain, but lost the Silesia region in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
17
Q

What happened in the Seven Years’ War? (3 points)

21.3

A
  • Maria Theresa allied Austria with France and Russia, and Frederick II the Great allied Prussia with Great Britain
  • Frederick II the Great attacked Saxony (an Austrian ally), which got every great European power involved
  • the war didn’t change territories in Europe, but Great Britain gained France’s colonies in North America and sole economic domination in India
18
Q

Who was Ivan the Terrible? (4 points)

21.4

A
  • he took hold of his own crown from the boyars at age 16 and became the first Russian czar
  • he was a good ruler at first, but went downhill in 1560
    • he accused boyars of poisoning his wife Anastasia, so he killed many of them and took their land with his secret police
    • when he died, his living son ruled weakly for a bit, but when that son died Russia went through the Time of Troubles
19
Q

What was the Romanov Dynasty of Russia? (4 points)

21.4

A
  • founded by Michael Romanov (who was Anastasia’s grandnephew appointed by boyars in the Time of Troubles)
  • when Peter the Great came to power, Russia was very weak
    • still had boyars and serfs
    • the Mongols had cut it off from the age of exploration
    • Russia didn’t have any boats
    • it used Eastern Orthodox instead of Catholicism/Protestantism like the rest of Europe
20
Q

Who was Peter the Great? (2 points)

21.4

A
  • he ruled after Michael Romanov
  • he went on a Grand Embassy to explore and learn about Europe, and when he came back he decided to westernize Russia (make it more like Europe) for its benefit
21
Q

How did Peter the Great westernize Russia? (8 points)

21.4

A
  • he overtook the Russian Orthodox Church, abolished their patriarch, and set up the Holy Synod to run the church under his direction
  • he reduced the power of landowners and gave lower-ranking families more power
  • he hired skilled European officers to train Russian armies
  • he introduced potatoes, which became a staple in the Russian diet
  • he started a newspaper
  • he raised women’s status by letting them attend social gatherings
  • he made nobles trade traditional clothes for western European fashion
  • he opened navigation and art and science schools
22
Q

Why did Peter the Great establish St. Petersburg? (4 points)
(21.4)

A
  • he wanted a seaport that’d make it easier to travel west
  • that way, he’d be able to promote education and growth
  • he had to fight Sweden for 21 years for a piece of the Baltic coast, even though he already had a new city there occupied by Russian troops
  • building it was really hard since it was in the swamp, and lots of serfs died
23
Q

Who was King James I of England, and during what years did he rule? (3 points)
(21.5)

A

1603-1649

  • he ruled over both England and Scotland
  • he succeeded Elizabeth I and had to deal with her former money issues, which was a lot of debt
  • he offended the Puritan members of Parliament by not helping them get rid of Catholicism in England
24
Q

What was the purpose of the Petition of Right and what did it declare? (6 points)
(21.5)

A
  • King Charles I needed money because he was at war with Spain and France, so Parliament made him sign it before they gave him money. It said that…
    • he would not imprison subjects without due cause
    • he would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent
  • he would not house soldiers in private homes
    • he would not impose martial law in peacetime
  • Charles I ignored the petition after signing it, and heavily taxed the English for money afterwards
25
Q

What happened during the English Civil War, and when did it take place? (5 points)
(21.5)

A
  • 1642-1649
  • Charles I tried to force the Puritans and Presbyterian Scots to become Anglican, so they threatened to invade England
  • he was forced to call Parliament into session, but they tried to limit his power so he tried to arrest them, so Londoners sent an angry mob after him so he fled to Northern England and raised a loyal army
  • the Royalists/Cavaliers were for Charles I and the Roundheads were against him
  • the Puritans found the general Oliver Cromwell who helped them win, they executed Charles I
26
Q

Who was Oliver Cromwell? (5 points)

21.5

A
  • he helped the Roundheads win the English Civil War
  • he then ruled England; abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords, established a commonwealth, sent him Parliament, and had a constitution written
  • but then he tore up that constitution and became a military dictator
  • he worked with the Puritans to reform society by making laws that promoted Puritan morality and abolished sinful activities like sports, theater, and dancing
  • Oliver Cromwell still promoted religious toleration in England
27
Q

Who was Prince Charles II? (4 points)

21.5

A
  • after Oliver Cromwell’s death he was asked by the newly-founded Parliament to rule
  • people really liked him
  • his period of rule was called the Restoration because he restored the monarchy
  • during his reign, Parliament passed the habeas corpus (“to have a body”) stating that every prisoner had the right to be held before a judge, so the monarchy couldn’t just imprison someone for trying to defy them
28
Q

Who was James II? (4 points)

21.5

A
  • he succeeded Charles II, and was Catholic
  • he appointed many Catholics to high office, and ignored Parliaments protests
  • Parliament invited Mary (his daughter) and her husband William of Orange to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism
  • William brought in his army and James II fled to France before fighting, this bloodless overthrow was called the Glorious Revolution
29
Q

What was England’s constitutional monarchy, and what was their cabinet? (3 points)
(21.5)

A
  • it was when William and Mary vowed to share rule and government with Parliament, so laws limited their power
  • since the monarchy couldn’t rule without the consent of Parliament and vice versa, they made a cabinet to avoid governmental standstills if the two disagreed
  • the cabinet consisted of government ministers that ruled as a third party
30
Q

What did England’s 1689 Bill of Rights say and what was it used for?
(21.5)

A
  • it was made to lawfully limit ruler’s power, and said…
  • no suspending Parliament’s laws
  • no levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament
  • no interfering with Parliament’s freedom of speech
  • no penalty for citizens that petition the king about grievances

Global Studies (5 decks)

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