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ap biology > chapter 22,23,24 > Flashcards

chapter 22,23,24 Flashcards

1
Q

something that has been tested and studied and has always been supported but never been proven or not proven

A

theory

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2
Q

believed that there was plants or animals only

A

Aristotle (scala naturae)

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3
Q

believed in kingdom, phylum, class, etc. and binomial nomenclature

A

Linnaeus

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4
Q

newer layers of sediment are deposited on top of older rock layers

A

law of superposition

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5
Q

teeth, nails, bone, have to be covered in sediment quickly

A

fossils

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6
Q

believed in mass extinctions based on organisms disappearing from the fossil record

A

Cuvier

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7
Q

world wide drastic change

A

catastrophism

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8
Q

term: Earth changes gradually

A

gradualism

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9
Q

person: Earth changes gradually

A

Hutton

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10
Q

term: the forces that shape the earth today have shaped the earth in the past and will continue

A

uniformitarianism

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11
Q

person: the forces that shape the earth today have shaped the earth in the past and will continue

A

Lyell

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12
Q

proposed the Earth was millions of years old but everyone thought it was only a couple thousand

A

Hutton and Lyell

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13
Q

believed similar species today had common ancestors

A

Lamarck

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14
Q

loss of muscle

A

atrify

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15
Q

inheritance of traits that they need to survive but they do not get passed on

A

acquired traits

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16
Q

botanist that suggested Darwin should go on the 5 year voyage around the world

A

Henslow

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17
Q

what was Lyell’s influence on Darwin?

A

explained the formations of mountains and why there are sea fossils in the Andes

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18
Q

Galapagos finches

A

each island had different food sources and each beak suited foreign type of food ex: seed, insect, cactus eaters

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19
Q

separate from the rest of the population ex: islands

A

isolation

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20
Q

differences in the population and not all are equal, most will die but a few with advantages traits will survive

A

divergence

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21
Q

advantageous traits build up and become more common

A

accumulated adaptations

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22
Q

new species

A

speciation

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23
Q

Wallace’s theory

A

young scientist that listened to Darwin’s theories and wrote an essay but was mainly based on Darwin’s theories; pushed Darwin to post his own ideas but hesitant because they went against everything that humans knew

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24
Q

man made, selecting what traits they want to stay and grow

A

artifical selection

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25
Earth is changing slowly, life is changing with it
gradualism
26
populations evolve, individuals _________
cannot evolve
27
natural selection: drug resistant HIV
evolved strand variety
28
natural selection: soapberry bug
food theyre feeding on and length of beak
29
usually, you have to get a antibiotic from the doctor and consume until bacteria is ..
completely gone
30
every vertebrate with front limbs have a similar structure because of COMMON ANCESTOR
homologous structures
31
birds example: do not have common flying ancestor because all wings are built different
analogous structures
32
there is no selective force against these so they remain because we can survive with them
vestigial structures
33
how embryos grow and develop
embryological structures
34
where organisms are living today and how it connects to fossil records
biogeography
35
influenced the distribution of species and evolutionary processess
pangea and continental drift
36
indicators of unique regional biotas, only lives in one area
endemic species
37
island size and distance from mainland
mainland species and island types
38
superficially similar but evolved independently from different ancestors
convergent evolution
39
share common ancestry but not necessarily similar function
divergent evolution
40
documents the pattern of evolution showing that past organisms differed from present day organisms
fossil records
41
evolved together to survive ex: orchid has long nectar tube and can only be pollinated by moth with long longue
co evolution
42
either/or scenarios are determined by
one gene
43
graded scenarios are determined by
multiple genes
44
phenotype result from
genes and environmental influence
45
point mutations
one base
46
harmful dominant mutations
removed
47
harmful recessive mutation
heterozygous protection
48
rapid reproduction
bacteria and viruses
49
sexual reproduction
MOST VARIATION MUTATION IS RARE, variation in every offspring
50
nondisjunctions
meiosis-trisomy
51
large group of the same species in one area that interbred
population
52
specific organism with similar set pf traits and can interbreed
species
53
all available alleles in population
gene pool
54
what % of each allele A=60% a=40%
allele frequency
55
AA=36% Aa=48% aa=16%
gene frequency
56
conditions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. no natural selection d. large population e. no gene flow - no migration in/out of population
57
for allele frequencies to NEVER change and remain constant
no evolution
58
a change in a populations allele frequencies over generations
microevolution
59
genetic drift in small populations ..
breaks the large population rule
60
due to random chance, genetic drift impacts _______ sample size more than ________ large sample size
small, large
61
a few individuals colonize an island, limited genetic variation
founder effect
62
switching flocks or herds
gene flow/migration
63
into a population
immigration
64
out of a population
emigration
65
reproducing and producing offspring for the next generation
fitness
66
biggest effect on Hardy Weinberg
natural selection
67
bell curve at equilibrium, selection throws off the bell curve
patterns of selection
68
bell curve shifts to favorable extreme
directional
69
nature favors both extremes and not average
disruptive
70
average is favored even more because the extremes are nott good
stabilizing
71
disruptive selection can lead to..
new species if it continues and each extreme trait becomes isolated
72
breaks the random mating rule
sexual selection
73
mates compete and are chosen based on traits, not all reproduce equally
sexual selection
74
can tell gender of the species apart easily
sexual dimorphism, ex: peacock, cardinal
75
two species evolve from one ancestral population
speciation
76
change in allele frequency in a population
microevolution (small)
77
new species form from common ancestor
macroevolution (big)
78
group of individuals who can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
species
79
key to macroevolution and speciation
reproductive barriers
80
prevents reproduction and viable offspring
reproductive isolation
81
sterile offspring from two different but similar species
hybrids
82
before the egg is fertilized
prezygotic barriers
83
similar species live in same area but different habitats
habitat isolation
84
timing and different mating seasons
temporal isolation
85
scent that attracts a mate
pheromones
86
mating call/dance specific to a population
behavioral isolation
87
mating attempt but doesnt work
mechanical isolation
88
sperm cant fertilize the egg across different populations
gamete isolation
89
post-zygotic barriers deal with..
mating and fertilization
90
mating and fertilization but malformed and dies
reduced hybrid viability
91
sterile, can mate but offspring cant reproduce
reduced hybrid fertility
92
first hybrid generation can reproduce but next generation has issues
hybrid breakdown
93
physical traits that make species different
morphological
94
geographic barrier
allopatric speciation (isolated))
95
no geographic barrier
sympatric speciation (not isolated)
96
islands, rivers, canyons, moutanins, roads
geographic barriers
97
multiple sets of chromosomes
autopolyploidy
98
two different species, new species is sexually isolated
allopolyploid
99
sympatric speciation can also result from
exploiting different resources or habitats
100
cichlid females choose mates based on bright coloration
sympatric speciation
101
an area where different species meet and overlap and produce hybrids
hybrid zones
102
barriers strengthen sympatric speciation and lead to 2 new species
reinforcement
103
hybrid in murky water where females have difficulty seeing the color
example of reinforcing barriers
104
weakening of barriers
fusion
105
continued hybrid production but sterile
stability
106
when species disappear or new species emerge
evidence in fossils
107
specific events in Earth's history
punctuated periods
108
Eldredge and Gould
punctuated equilibrium
109
dramatic changes quickly, no intermediates
punctuated model
110

ap biology (10 decks)

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