chapter six Flashcards
a tour of the cell
prokaryote
must be single cell
no nucleus
cell contains DNA, cytoplasm and ribosomes
ex: bacteria, archea
eukaryote
some single cells
nucleus present
cell contains organelles
ex: plants, animals, fungi, protists
surface area
length x width x number of sides (cm2)
volume
length x width x height (cm3)
nucleus anatomy
contains NEARLY all cells DNA, nuclear membrane separates cytoplasm and nucleus
nucleolus
site of rRNA transcription and produces ribosomes
chromatin
condensed structure that forms the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
nucleus function
coordinates protein synthesis and cell division
ribosome anatomy
small, flattened sphere made of RNA and proteins
free ribosomes
suspended in cytosol
bound ribosomes
attached to outside of rough ER
ribosome function
codes for amino acids with codons and anti-codons
rough ER anatomy
flat sacs within the outer nuclear envelope, bumps created by ribosomes
rough ER function
secreted proteins and proteins in membrane
smooth ER anatomy
flat sacs, tubules, vesicles, located near cell membrane
smooth ER function
production of lipids/fats, store enzymes/ions, detoxification of drugs, metabolism of carbs
golgi apparatus anatomy
stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles
cis face
where proteins/lipids enter from ER
trans face
faces cytoplasm, exit side and concave
golgi apparatus function
process, package, and export proteins through specific vesicles, ex: post office
lysosomes anatomy
garbage disposal of the cell, pH 5, contains enzymes
phagocytosis
process by which a phagocyte destroys bacteria and removes dead cells
autophagy
natural process in which a cell breaks down and recycles old, damaged cell parts
lysosomes function
intracellular digestion, programmed cell death (apoptosis)
vacuole anatomy
found in cytoplasmic matrix
central vacuole
large fluid filled organelles in plant cells
food vacuole
membrane enclosed sac which has a digestive function
transport vacuole
helps plants maintain metabolic balance, react to environmental changes
contractile vacuole
collects and expels excess water from cells
vacuole function
stores salts, minerals, proteins
mitochondria anatomy
folds inner membrane to increase surface area
mitochondria function
create energy for cell, controls cell death (red blood cells have no mitochondria)
peroxisomes anatomy
specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane
peroxisomes function
detoxify the cell by converting harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
chloroplast anatomy
two disk shaped green organelle that contain chlorophyll
chloroplast function
site of photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy
cytoskeleton
provides structure in a cell, the rods of a tent
microfilaments
muscle contraction
intermediate filaments
hold organelles in place
flagella anatomy
typically longer and fewer, contain:
basal body
hook
filament
flagella function
sweep food into mouth like feeding
cilia anatomy
made of axoneme
cilia function
propel particles out of airway and move mucus along
cell wall anatomy
fully surrounds plant cells
cell wall: plants
lamella
primary wall (cellulose and pectin)
secondary wall (only rare)
cell wall: fungi
chitin
cell wall: bacteria
murein
cell wall function
provides protection from stress and helps to maintain its shape
intercellular junction: tight
seals two cells together so nothing can get in between
intercellular junction: gap
velcro
intercellular junction: desmosome
transport between animal cells
intercellular junction: plasmodesmata
transport between plant cells
light microscopes
resolving power
limited total magnification = 1000x - 2000x
electron microscopes
uses electrons because they are the smallest subatomic particles to bounce and send back an image
limited total magnification = 10000x - 20000x
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
thin slice of specimen that electrons pass through, mitochondria
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3D image of the surface of the specimen, bacteria/virus
