Chapter 21 Questions Flashcards
the many and varied groups of population and culture
Heterogeneous society
Population of minorities compared to majority?
Of gender?
Increasing growth rate of minorities and immigration
Women now outnumber men
What key aspect of African American population in US makes them an important focus?
- They suffered discrimination longer than other minorities (slavey)
- Second largest minority group
- Most gains in civil rights bc of black people
- What happens to Native Americans since the arrival of Europeans?
- What are reservations?
- What are some problems on the reservations?
- Significant decline due to disease and moving but followed by recovery in last century
- Public lands set aside for native Americans
- Poverty, unemployment, alcohol/drug abuse, low education levels, lower life expectancy
Largest minority group?
Hispanics (>50million)
4 subdivisions of Hispanics?
- Mexican American
- Puerto Rican
- Cuban American
- South/Central American
When people of one culture merge into another.
An example of this?
- assimilation
- Asian have been most adept
Immigrantion law that ended Chinese immigration to U.S., excluded immigration of laborers, required any Chinese who left the U.S. and returned later to get certifications to reenter. Denied citizenship to any Chinese still in US; later amendment requested Chinese in US to get a certificate of residency of Cade deportation
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
What happened to Japanese Americans during WWII?
Sent to relocation camps
Significance of July 19, 1848
Seneca falls convention for women’s rights
Anything familiar from the Declaration of Sentiments?
Modeled the Declaration of Independance
Employers must pay women and men the same if they perform same jobs under same conditions
Been updated by Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (changed statue of limitations rules on filing discrimination claims)
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Women putting careers on hold to have kids and reduce hours to raise kids
Mommy Track
Invisible barrier women face in workplace; not official discrimination but keeps people down anyway
Glass Ceiling
Clause in 14th Amendment that prevents states from treating citizens different based on characteristics
Cannot draw unreasonable disctintioms between classes of persons
Equal Protection Clause
Who was the Equal Protection Clause intended for?
The States, but now applies to National level (reverse incorporation)
Early standard for determine equal protection questions
Does Classification bear a reasonable relationship to achieve if a proper give purpose?
Rational basis test
What two conditions in the Strict Scrutiny test applied?
- Fundament rights in question (voting, travel, property ownership)
- Discrimination based on suspect classifications (race, gender, ethnicity, nationality)
What criteria must govt action meet in order to pass scrict scrutiny
A compelling govt interest
Narrowly tailored policy
Least restrictive means
Laws aimed to discriminate based on race (segregation)
Jim Crow Laws
How did States prevent intervention after Brown decision?
State laws and actions difficult to fight in court
Segregation authorized by law
De Jure segregation
Segregation that exists w/ no law enforcing it; much more difficult to deal with; housing patterns in cities, schools that result
De Facto
Law forbidding interracial marriage
Miscegenation law
Where is it illegal to discrimination based on race?
Schools, public venues, pristine and local transport
What can women NOT be discriminated against?
Jury duty, citizen-solider programs, different age of majority, denial of employment benefits due to pregnancy, prison guards (in female facilities)
What can women be treats differently bc of gender?
Prison guard in all male facility, tax exemption for widows, the draft
What reasons cam laws based on sex be upheld?
- Serve an important governmental objective
2. Substantial relates o achieving a goal
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1) . Title 2 - No discrimination in public places
2) . Title 6 - No discrimination in places that receive federal funding (schools) includes sex
3) . Title 7 - No discrimination of employer or labor union based on race also includes age and sex
Civil Rights Act of 1968
No one can refuse to sell/rent dwelling based on race, color, religion, etc.
Justice Department handles all claims of violation and can initiate suits
What is Title 9?
Forbids gender discrimination.
School sports benefit the most
Taking positive steps to remedy past discriminations.
A program.
Targeted at federal contractors
Affirmative action
Discrimination against majority
Reverse discrimination
What state ended affirmative action?
California
All affirmative actions cases have to be reviewed under—-?
Strict scrutiny
One who owes allie games to US and is entitled protections
Citizen
Citizenship defined where?
14th Amendment
Law of soil; where you were born
Jus soli
Law of blood; citizenship based on who parents are
Jus sanguinis
Legal process to become a citizen
Naturalization
Who is involved with naturalization process?
Congress, U.S. citizenship and immigration services and Judaical system
Criteria for naturalization?
- 18 years old
- enter legally and lived here for 5 years
- filed petition
- be literate in English
- be of good moral character
- have knowledge of history and forms of govt in US
- take an oath renouncing foreign citizenship and pledging support to US
Voluntary forfeiture of citizenship
Expatriation
Naturalized citizens have citizenship revoked
Denaturalization
Who has power to limit immigration
Congress
First immigration restriction in America?
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Immigration Acts of 1921-24 and National Origins Act of 1929 did what?
Made country based quotas in Europe; prohibited immigrants from other parts of world
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 did—?
Extended quota limits to all countries outside Western Hemisphere; moved to regions based quotas; est. 3 categories:
- skills set
- avg. immigrants 270,000 a year
- refugees
Immigration Act of 1965
Elimjmeated country based quotas and gave preference to relatives of citizens and skill-based aliens
Process of removing an alien from country
Deportation
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986?
- Established 1 year amnesty program
2. Criminalizes hiring of illegal immigrants
Illegal Immigrations Restrictions Act of 1996
- Eased deportation of illegals
- Toughened penalties for smugglers
- Prevented aliens from receiving social security/public housing
- Gave state welfare workers ability to check backgrounds
- Double border patrol
