Chapter 21 - Progressive Reforms Flashcards
What was a machine representative that controlled certain jobs?
Political Bosses
What is an arrangement in which contractors padded the amount of the bill for city work and paid or “kicked back” a percentage of that amount to the bosses?
Kickbacks
What were political machines and how did their representatives stay in power?
They were powerful organizations linked to political parties that controlled districts or wards of cities. Political bosses stayed in power by doing favors for the people, giving people jobs if they voted for them, and accepting bribes like kickbacks. The political bosses were corrupted people.
Who is the most famous corrupted political boss?
Boss Tweed
Where did Boss Tweed hold his office?
Tamay Hall
What were some of the groups Boss Tweed controlled?
the courts, the police, and some newspapers
What political cartoonist exposed Tweed’s corruption?
Thomas Nast
What newspaper held all of Nast’s cartoons?
Harper’s Weekly
What happened to Tweed when he was getting ready to go to jail?
He went to Spain and thought he was safe until some Spanish officials discovered him and placed him in jail.
What two animals did Thomas Nast come up with to symbolize the Democrats and the Republicans?
donkey and elephants
What railroad monopoly for,Ed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill was the first to be target by Theodore Roosevelt in a fight against monopolies that went against the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
Northern Securities
What is settling a dispute by agreeing to let an impartial third party step in?
arbitration
What law passed required railroad companies to charge reasonable prices for all?
Interstate Commerce Act
What law that came after the Interstate Commerce Act that supervised the railroad and the trucking industries?
Interstate Commerce Commission
What two laws passed ended the Spoils System?
Pendleton Act and Civil Service Commission
What year was women’s suffrage first heard of?
1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention
What year did women’s suffrage come back after 1848?
1890
Which two women were in charge of the National Women’s Suffrage Association?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Who lead the National American Woman Suffrage Association?
Anna Howard Shaw - minister
Carrie Chapman Catt - newspaper editor
What did the opposition say about women getting the vote?
They said the natural balance would shift, divorce would happen, and the children would be neglected.
What president refused to help the suffragettes?
Woodrow Wilson
Which was the first state to let women vote in at least state elections?
Wyoming
What year did women get to vote? What was the name of the constitutional amendment?
1919
19th Amendment
In 1903 what trade union was formed by women?
Women’s Trade Union League
What Union, not unlike the Anti-Saloon League, supported prohibition?
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
In 1879, who became the leader of WCTU and spoke out about alcohol and the damage it can do?
Frances Willard
Who was the prohibition supporter who would go into saloons and smash kegs and bottles with her axe?
Carry Nation
What was the Amendment that ratified prohibition in the U.S.?
18th or Prohibition Law
Who were the two owners of the Northern Securities Company that Roosevelt sued in 1904?
J.P. Morgan
James J. Hill
Who ruled that Northern Securities had illegally limited trade and busted it up?
Supreme Court
What did Roosevelt do that was a first for president and what nickname did he obtain?
the first time a president stepped in and broke up a trust
Trustbuster
What was going on in 1902 with the United Mine Workers? (Essay)
a coal strike
What did the United Mine Workers want? (Essay)
better pay, 8 hour day, and recognition
What did the owners of the mines do when the UMW presented their wants? (Essay)
They refused
Why was there a crisis? (Essay)
The strike was still going on and winter was coming. Most people heated up their homes with coal.
What did President Roosevelt do about the crisis? (Essay)
He was going to send in federal troops to mine the coal.
What did the owners finally agree to and what was the outcome? (Essay)
They agreed to arbitration.
The mine workers gained a pay raise and fewer hours of work but no recognition.
What was the name of Roosevelt’s plan?
Square Deal
What is the French term that means “let the people do as they choose”.
Laissez-faire
What two laws did Roosevelt support which helped with public health?
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
What commission did Roosevlet push through Congress which made sure everyone got fair deals?
ICC
Interstate Commerce Commission
What was the term for the protection and preservation of natural resources which was something Roosevelt supported actively?
Conservation
What service was in charge of conservation?
U.S. Forest Service
Which amendment gave Congress the right to tax people’s incomes?
16th
What is a tariff?
a tax on imported goods
What was the name of Roosevelt’s third party?
Bull Moose Party
Which Democrat won the election of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
What was the name of Wilson’s plan?
New Freedom
What act was passed to regulate banking?
Federal Reserve Act
What commission was created to investigate unfair trade practices?
Federal Trade Commission
Which act joined the Sherman-Antitrust Act and made it stronger?
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
In what state capital did a white woman lie about being attacked by a black man and caused an extremely violent riot by white people?
Springfield, Illinois
What organization was formed against Catholics that started in Iowa?
American Protective Association
What was common for violent mobs to do?
Lynch
What was it called to be against Jews?
Anti-Semitism
What service did Roosevelt propose in 1905 to help conservation?
United State Forest Service
What was the name of an Apache who was raised by whites and worked for the United States Indian Service after graduating from medical school, and later used activism to expose the governments abuse of Native Americans?
Dr. Carlos Montezuma
What case, in 1896, recognized “separate but equal” facilities for whites and blacks?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Who founded the National Negro Business League and believed that if African Americans had more economic power, they would be in a better position to demand social equality and civil rights, and also founded Tuskegee Institute?
Booker T. Washington
Who was elected as president in 1912 and called his plan “New Freedom”? Later on, in 1917, he also met with Alice Paul about woman suffrage but refused to give support.
Woodrow Wilson
Who was elected as president in 1908 after being President Roosevelt’s secretary of war and failed in tariffs and conservation?
William Howard Taft
What agreement between America and Japan restricted Japanese immigration but failed to stop the racism?
The Gentlemen’s Agreement
Who wrote the 1894 book, The Red Record, which showed Americans that lynching was used primarily against African Americans who had become prosperous or were beginning to compete with white business, after she was forced to leave Memphis, Tennessee because she published the names of those involved in a lynching?
Ida Wells
Who founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and spoke out against the unfairness of segregation?
W.E.B. DuBois
What were Mexican neighborhoods where groups of Mexican Americans worked together to deal with overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate public service?
Barrios
Who was the Italian nun that came over to America to help the immigrants?
Mother Cabrini
What was the name of the female Quaker who founded the National Women’s Party in 1916 and who met with Woodrow Wilson to try to gain favor for woman suffrage? Later she used protest marches and hunger strikes which she got from Great Britain.
Alice Paul
What did the muckraker Lincoln Steffens, who reported for Mcclure’s Magazine, expose?
corrupt machine politics in New York, Chicago and other cities
his articles were collected in the book, The Shame of the Cities
What did the muckraker Ida Tarbell, who wrote for McClure’s Magazine, expose?
the unfair practices of the oil trust
her articles led to pressure for government control over business
her book was called, The History of the Standard Oil Company
What did the muckraker Upton Sinclair, who wrote a book called The Jungle, expose?
the horrible conditions of the meat-packing industry in Chicago
his book persuaded Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act
What is it called when the people vote someone out of office?
recall
What is it called when the government gives the people the right to vote on ideas?
initiative
What is it called to vote on an initiative?
referendum
What are recalls, initiatives, and referendums called when together?
Oregon System
Who started the National Association of a colored Women?
Marcy Church Terrell
Who started the socialist movement and also wanted immediate equality for blacks?
Eugene V. Debs
What were the two laws that helped the government fight against big business?
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Federal Trade Commission
