Chapter 19 - The Growth Of Industry Flashcards
After the consolidation of railroads what new term came to be used to describe the owners of railroads?
Railroad Barons
What innovation allowed the North to ultimately win the Civil War and why?
superior railroad system
-it could transfer troops much faster than the south could
What industries experienced growth due to the railroads?
steel industry, lumber industry, coal industry, iron mining and processing
What part of the U.S. experienced increases due to the expansion of the railroad and why?
-lumber and coal
What is consolidation?
The joining of separate railroad companies
How did the concept of time change after the expansion of the railroad?
It didn’t take as long to travel or transport things anymore
Who were the four most notable railroad barons during the railroad expansion era?
Leland Stanford, Cornelius Vanderbilt, James J. Hill, and Collis P. Huntington
What was a standard gauge?
4’ 8.5”
-allowed faster shipment and made it no longer necessary to unload and load goods on to different train cars
Explan the International Date Line?
an imaginary line of longitude on the Earth’s surface located at about 180 degrees east (or west) of the Greenwich Meridian
What did Eli H. Janney do to make working the railroads safer?
automatic coupler
-made it easier to link cars
Who invented air brakes?
George Westinghouse
What did Gustavus Swift do?
refrigerated cars
-meat could be shipped all over the country
What did Pullman do?
sleeping car
-a luxury car with seats that converted into beds at nighttime
Who was the “Wizard of Menlo Park” and how did that come about?
Thomas Edison started an invention business in Menlo Park, New Jersey and created many things, including the lightbulb.
What is a rebate?
bigger customers got the discounts
What were secret agreements between two big railroad barons?
Pools
Who created morse code?
Samuel Morse
Who invented the Atlantic Cable?
Cyrus Fields
How the Model T became America’s first affordable car?
Henry Ford and Charles Ford created a car which anyone can afford, anyone can drive, and almost anyone can fix.
What is a dividend?
cash payments from the corporation’s profits
How did states react to business mergers?
The states were lenient at first and then tried to stop it but failed
How effective was the Sherman-Antitrust Act?
It was not very effective at all
Where did the term “collective bargaining” first appear?
When strikers and business owners decided to talk things out without violence or strikes
Who was the President who intervened in the Pullman Strike?
President Grover Cleveland
Who was the leader of the ARU(American Railway Union)?
Eugene V. Debs
What problems were caused by the Panic of 1873?
- Companies forced workers to take pay cuts
- strikers attacked companies properties
- striker breakers were hired to replace strikers
Who invented the camera?
George Eastman
Who invented the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes
Who invented the shoe making machine?
Jan E. Matzeliger
Who helped with the first manned flight?
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Who invented a better filament for lightbulbs?
Lewis Howard Latimer
Describe the Pullman Strike
The workers went on strike for higher wages so George Pullman closed the plant. The American Railway Union went on strike as well and so the U.S. Attorney General obtained an injunction(a court order telling you you can’t do something. Eugene V. Debs refused and went to jail. President Cleveland sent federal troops over to stop the strike.
Describe the formation of the AFL
In 1881 the AFL was formed out of skilled workers from various crafts. Samuel Gompers was the leader. They pressed for higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions, and the right to bargain collectively with employers. By 1904 they had more than1.6 million members.
Describe the Haymarket Riot
On May 1886, McCormick Harvester Company strikers gathered in Haymarket Square in Chicago to protest the killings of four other strikers the previous day. A bomb was set off and killed 7 police. Because of this labor movements were considered terrorist attacks.
What were four technological developments of the railroad expansion and who was responsible for each one?
- sleeping car
- refrigerated car
- automatic coupler
- air brakes
How long was the first manned flight?
12 seconds
Where was the first oil strike?
Titusville, Pennsylvania
Who was the biggest person in the oil competition?
John D. Rockefeller
What is a merger?
two giant companies combine to run rival companies out of business
What was the first Union?
Knights of Labor
Three conditions every worker wants
- better pay
- shorter hours
- better working conditions
Who was the founder of the Knights of Labor?
Terrance V. Powderly
What were workers who took jobs from strikers called?
Scabs
What was the second labor union after the Knights of Labor?
American Federation of Labor
Who was the founder of the America Federation of Labor?
Samuel Gompers
Who was Mother Jones?
- Mary Harris Jones
- she fought for child labor rights and women’s rights
