Chapter 21 flash cards

Question 1

Congress of Vienna

Answer 1

Meeting of the Quadruple Alliance of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain, restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement after Napoleon’s France in 1814

Question 2

Holy Alliance

Answer 2

Alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 to repression liberal and revolutionary movements in Europe

Question 3

Karlsbad Decrees

Answer 3

Issued in 1819, decrees design to uphold Metternich’s conservatism, requiring German states to root out subversive ideas and organizations

Question 4

Liberalism

Answer 4

Principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; they demanded a representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest

Question 5

Laissez Faire

Answer 5

Doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy

Question 6

Nationalism

Answer 6

Idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state

Question 7

Socialism

Answer 7

Backlash against the emergence of individism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property

Question 8

Marxism

Answer 8

Influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist society

Question 9

Bourgeoisie

Answer 9

The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat

Question 10

Proletariat

Answer 10

Industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie

Question 11

Romanticism

Answer 11

Artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s what was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life

Question 12

Corn Laws

Answer 12

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importance of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people

Question 13

Battle of Peterloo

Answer 13

The army’s violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter’s Field in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws

Question 14

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 14

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political repression to new industrial areas

Question 15

Great Famine

Answer 15

The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple

Question 16

Greater Germany

Answer 16

Liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rules