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Human Anat & Phys. 2 > Chapter 21 Defenses > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Defenses Flashcards

0
Q

External membranes

A

Skin and mucosa

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease carrying microorganism

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2
Q

Lymph tissue guards

A

Tonsils, peyers patches, scattered embedded lymph tissue

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3
Q

Two lines of defense

A

Surface barriers

Internals ellipse and chemical

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4
Q

First line of defense

A

Epidermis and mucosa

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5
Q

Epidermis mechanical barrier

A

Stratified squamous epithelium is impermeable to water

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6
Q

Keratin

A

Resists against acids, bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins

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7
Q

Acid mantle in sweat and sebum is ___ to bacteria

A

Toxic

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8
Q

Mucosa mechanical barrier

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Mucus

A

Traps microbes in the digestive and respiratory tracts

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10
Q

Nasal hairs

A

Filters and traps microbes

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11
Q

Cilia

A

Upper Respitory tract propels debris upwards to keep it away from lower resp. Tract

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12
Q

_____, _____, and ______ wash away microbes and contain lysozyme enzyme which killed microbes

A

Saliva
Sweat
Lacrimal secretions

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13
Q

Gastric juices

A

HCl and protein digesting enzymes kill microbes

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14
Q

Vaginal and urethra acidity inhibits

A

Bacteria and fungi growth

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15
Q

Phagocytes

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopods) engulf foreign matter forming a phagosome vacuole. Lysosomes joins up with phagosome and releases digestive enzymes, destroying microbe with release of residual material.

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17
Q

Macrophages

A

Wander free in the Extracellular spaces or are fixed in tissues (monocytes in lung alveoli, microglia in the brain and Kupffer cells in the liver)

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic; but destroys themselves in the process

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19
Q

Pathogen capsule

A

A complex covering that identifies microbes as foreign. May make some bacteria hard to adhere to, so first needs an opsonizaton

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20
Q

Opsonizaton

A

Coating the pathogen capsule with complement protein or antibodies to aid adherence of phagocytes

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21
Q

Natural killer cells are

A

Nonspecific; Unique lymphocytes

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22
Q

Function of natural killer cells

A

Kills tunors and virus infected body cells

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23
Q

Natural killer cells mode of killing

A

Cytolytic chemicals penetrate invader’s membrane; not by phagocytosis

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24
Q

Parts of anti microbial proteins

A

Interferons and complement system

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25
Q

Interferons

A

Group of proteins made by WBCs and fibroblasts

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26
Q

Viral infected cells send interferon out from infected cells to

A

Non infected

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27
Q

Neighboring cells

A

Synthesize a chemical that interferes with viral replication

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28
Q

Complement system

A

Group of plasma proteins

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29
Q

Cell lysis

A

Creates stable hole in pathogen membrane

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30
Q

Opsonizaton

A

Coats membrane to aid adherence of phagocytes

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31
Q

Inflammation

A

Stimulates histamine release to enhance inflammation

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32
Q

Chemotactic

A

Attracts phagocytes to the area

33
Q

Inflammation causes

A

Injury from trauma, heat, chemicals, or infection

34
Q

Purpose of inflammation

A

Prevent spread, dilute, and dispose of pathogens, healing chemicals into area for time to repair

35
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Redness from hyperemia(blood to area)
Heat from hyperemia; ups metabolism
Swelling(edema) from exudate
Pain from pressure, toxins, and chems
Sometimes loss of function
36
Q

Stages of inflammation (3)

A

Increased vasodilation and vascular permeability

Phagocyte mobilization

Tissue repair

37
Q

Fever

A

Systemic reaction to infection

38
Q

Benefits of low grade fever

A

Increased metabolism speeds up defense repair reaction rates

39
Q

High fever is

A

Dangerous because of enzymes

40
Q

Adaptive body defense

A

Immunities

41
Q

Properties if adaptive defense

A

Recognizes antigens and acts with either a specific B or T lymphocyte

Works with nonspecific defenses

Has a memory

42
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Humoral (antibody mediated)

Cellular (Cellmediated)

43
Q

Cellular immunity usually for

A

Viruses

44
Q

antigens

A

Non self molecules, mobilized immune response

45
Q

Exogenous vs endogenous

A

Exo- invading foreign antigen

Endo- virus or cancer

46
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Ability to stimulate an immune response

47
Q

Reactivity

A

Ability to react with immune system

48
Q

Antigenic determinant

A

Certain parts bind to a particular antibody

49
Q

Complete antigen

A

Large molecule; protein or nucleic acid

50
Q

Incomplete antigen (hapten)

A

Small molecules can bind to hosts own protein, causing to have immunogenicity.

51
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

A

Denote self vs nonself and signal immune system when invaders (viruses) hiding in our cells by processing and displaying them

52
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Major initiators of adaptive immunity by engulfing foreign protein and presenting it on it’s surface for others (especially T lymphocytes)

53
Q

Cells if immune system

A

B and T lymphocytes

54
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Become immunocompetent in bone marrow; humoral immunity (antibodies)

55
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Become immunocompetent in thymus; Cellmediated immunity (cell killing)

56
Q

T Cell mediated response

A

Target intercellular invaders that antibodies can’t get to.

Either Helper T or Cytotoxic T

57
Q

Helper T cells (CD4)

A

Release cytokines to

Nonspecific def. - increase macrophages activity

Humoral immunity- stimulate B cells to proliferate

Cellular immunity- stimulate cytotoxic T cells

58
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Attach to and cause lysis (death

59
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Release cytokines to prevent activity of both T cells against self

60
Q

Autograft

A

Same individual translate

61
Q

Allograft

A

Same species transplant

62
Q

Xenograft

A

Different species transplant

63
Q

Tissue/antigen cross matching (histocompatibility testing)

A

Reduce as much self as possible for transplant

64
Q

Immunosuppressive therapy

A

Suppress reactions to nonself transplants

65
Q

Clinal selection

A

When antigen challenges a B lymphocyte, it becomes specific vs the microbe and multiples rapidly to either plasma or memory cells

66
Q

Plasma cells vs memory cells

A

Plasma makes the antibodies

Memory cells speed up response next time microbe is met

67
Q

Lag period of primary immune response

A

3-6 days. Antibodies peak at 10

68
Q

Secondary response lag period

A

Hours, antibodies peak in 2 days

69
Q

Antibodies function

A

Can’t destroy antigens themselves but can inactivate them and tag them by forming Ag-Ab complexes

70
Q

Neutralization

A

Ab binds to Ag sites preventing bacteria or virus from targeting host cell

71
Q

Agglutination

A

Invader cells are cross linked

72
Q

Precipitation

A

Ab cross links soluble chemicals

73
Q

Antibody classes

A 
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IGE
74
Q

IgA

A

Found in body secretions; protect mucosa and skin

75
Q

IgG

A

Most plentiful Ab; main antibody in lymph and blood

76
Q

IgE

A

Cause tissue mast cells and basophils to release histamine mediating allergic reactions

77
Q

AIDs

A

From HIV virus, attacks helper T cells causing opportunistic infections

78
Q

Lymphoma

A

Lymph node cancer, depress lymph cell functions

79
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Immune system overprotects vs relatively harmless substances

Human Anat & Phys. 2 (5 decks)

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