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Human Anat & Phys. 2 > Chapter 18 Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Heart Flashcards

0
Q

Heart location

A

Medastinum, 2/3 left of the midsternal line

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1
Q

Heart Structure

A

Fist sized
Apex pointing inferiorly
Base pointing superiorly

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

Double walled sac enclosing the heart

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3
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Loose fitting superficial membrane of tough dense connective tissue

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4
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Thin slippery inner membrane. 2 layers: parietal layer and visceral layer

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5
Q

Parietal later of serous pericardium

A

Lines the internal layer of fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

Deeper layer, outer wall of heart

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7
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Between the layers of serous pericardium. Contains serous fluid

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8
Q

Heart wall layers

A

Epicardium- visceral layer of Serous pericardium

Myocardium- Mostly cardiac muscle, bulk of heart wall

Endocardium- simple squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood from Vena Cava

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10
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to pulmonary trunk

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11
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Blood to the lungs

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12
Q

Left atrium

A

Oxygen rich blood from pulmonary veins

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13
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Relieve oxygen rich blood from lungs

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14
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps blood to aorta

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15
Q

Aorta

A

Delivers oxygen rich blood to body

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16
Q

Septum

A

Partition dividing the heart longitudinally

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17
Q

Auricles

A

Small wrinkled appendages increasing atrial volume

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18
Q

Atrioventricular grooves ( Coronary Sulcus)

A

Seperate atria and ventricles; coronary vessels

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19
Q

Interventricular sulci

A

Grooves on outer surface of inter ventricular septum

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20
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Muscle bundles on the internal surface

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21
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A

Shallow depression in interstitial septum. Remnant of foremen ovale

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22
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

Between pulmonary trunk and aorta

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23
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Irregular muscle ridges in ventricular chambers

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24
Q

Cordae tendinae

A

Collagen tendons anchoring the atrioventricular (AV) valve cusps to the papillary muscles

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25
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Cone like muscle fibers attached to inner ventricles

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26
Q

Atrioventricular valves (Blood From Atrium)

A

Tricuspid- Right valve, 3 cusps

Bicuspid(Mitral)- left valve, 2 cusps

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27
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Aortic SL valve- Left Ventricle

Pulmonary SL valve- Right ventricle

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28
Q

Pathway of blood

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Right ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary trunk, which carries it to lungs for gas exchange. Left Atrium receives oxygen rich blood from 4 pulmonary veins.

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29
Q

Pathway of Blood

Systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle pumps blood out the aorta to the body and heart. Aorta (thanks to branches) sends blood to body. Right atrium receives carbon dioxide blood from vena cava.

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30
Q

Thicken myocardium in what chamber?

A

Left ventricle bc of hardest work

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31
Q

Capillary beds

A

Gas exchange location in lungs

32
Q

Coronary circulation

Arterial supply

A

From ascending aorta to coronary arteries:

Left CA to Anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery.

Right CA to posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery

33
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A

Posterior interventricular sulcus

34
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus

35
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Confluence of all coronary veins in the sulcus that dumps blood to right atrium

36
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Pain in chest from lack of oxygen;

Weakened muscle not dead

37
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack; prolonged blockage of blood supply

38
Q

Shape of cardiac muscle

A

Short fat and branching (interconnected)

39
Q

Intercalculating disc

A

Junction btw branching cardiac cells that contain desmosomes and gap junctions

40
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold fiber cells together

41
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow action potential to conduct btw fibers

42
Q

Because if interconnecting fibers and intercalculated discs, cardiac muscle functions as a..

A

Unit

43
Q

Mitochondria is more numerous in

A

Cardiac muscle than skeletal

44
Q

Cardiac Muscle Energy Source

A

Aerobic respiration
Mitochondria reflecting aerobic resp
Fuels: glucose, fatty acids,lactic acid

45
Q

Action Potential of Myocardium contractile fibers

A

Depolarization
Plateau
Repolarization

46
Q

Depolarization

A
  1. Autorhythenic cells stimulate. Fast sodium channels open, leading to rapid depolarization
  2. Slow calcium channels open, getting Ca++
  3. Sodium Channels close
47
Q

Plateau

A

Slow calcium channels remain opened prolonging depolarizing

48
Q

Repolarization

A

Calcium channels close, potassium channels remain open so potassium leaves

49
Q

Myocardial Contraction Duration vs Skeletal

A

Much longer because of plateau of action potential (200msec vs 14-100)

50
Q

Absolute refactory period

A

Greater than the contraction duration; prevents frequency wave summation and fatigue

51
Q

Pacemaker potentials

A

Unstable resting potentials;

Constantly drift to threshold and AP

52
Q

Fast opening calcium channels

A

Influx of calcium causes depolarization

No plateau

53
Q

Repolarization Short

A

Calcium permeability decreases

Potassium increases

54
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

75 beats/min;
Pacemaker
Btw vena cava and right atrium

55
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

40-60 Bpm

Inferior portion of interatrial septum

56
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

Connection between atria and ventricles

57
Q

Bundle branches

A

Right and left

Down interventricular septum to apex

58
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

20-35 bpm

Spread superiorly into ventricular walls

59
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Recording of electrical activity in chest due to profiting AP in heart

60
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

61
Q

QRS Wave

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

62
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

63
Q

P-Q interval

A

Atrial contraction occurs

64
Q

S-T. Segment

A

Ventricular contraction

65
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Irregular heart rhythm

66
Q

Fibrillation

A

Rapid partial contractions

Need defibrillation to reset the pace

67
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Ventricular diastole
68
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atrial contraction

Atrial blood > ventricle

69
Q

Ventricular contraction

A

Isovolumetric contraction- AV valves close, builds pressure

Ventricular ejection- pressure makes SL valves open; blood out

70
Q

Ventricular diastole (relaxing)

A

a. Lower pressure, all valves close

b. AV valves open, filling ventricles

71
Q

Heart sounds

A

When valves close

AV Valve- Lubb
SL Valve- Dub

72
Q

Incompetent valve

A

Valve doesn’t close all the way, makes heart work harder

73
Q

Valvular Stenosis

A

Valve doesn’t open all the way, increased pressure

74
Q

End Systolic Volume ESR

A

After systole, 50mL remaining

75
Q

End diastolic volume

A

After filling, 120mL of blood in ventricle

76
Q

Stroke volume

A

70mL

77
Q

Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume X heart rate

Human Anat & Phys. 2 (5 decks)

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