Chapter 21 Flashcards
Definition of Amelogenesis imperfecta
Imperfect formation of enamel; hereditary condition in which the ameloblasts fail to lay down the enamel matrix properly or at all.
Definition of Chlorophyll
Green plant pigment essential to photosynthesis
Definition of Chromogenic
Producing color or pigment
Definition of Chronologic
Arranged in order of time
Definition of Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Hereditary disorder of dentin formation in which the ondontoblasts lay down an abnormal matrix; can occur in both primary and permanent dentitions
Definition of Endogenous
Produced within or caused by factors within
Definition of Exogenous
Originating outside or caused by factors outside
Definition of Extrinsic
Derived from or situated on the outside; external
Definition of Hypoplasia
Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue
Definition of Intrinsic
Situated entirely within
What are the most frequently observed extrinsic stains?
First stains: Yellow Green Black line Tobacco Less common: Orange Red Metallic
What are endogenous intrinsic stains?
Stains incorporated within the tooth structure may be related to the period of tooth development
What are exogenous intrinsic stains?
Intrinsic stains come from an outside source
Ex: Tobacco and green stains, restorative materials, tooth-color restorations may become stained from the various extrinsic staining substances
What is documentation?
The permanent record of a patient with staining on the teeth needs explanations in the record of which stains, their location and other information of a descriptive nature.
What to record: color, type, extent, location of stains
True or False
Certain stains can be removed by scaling, while others require polishing.
True
True or False
The most frequently observed stains are yellow, green, black line and tobacco.
True
True or False
Yellow stain is associated with biofilm.
True (Evident when personal OH care is neglected)
What is the etiology of yellow stain?
Usually food pigments
Where does green stain mostly occur?
Primarily facial, cervical third, max anterior teeth, proximal
What is the etiology of green stains?
Oral uncleanliness, gingival hemorrhage, fungi, chromogenic bacteria
What is the clinical approach to green stains?
Do not scale the area because demineralized tooth structure may lie underneath.
What is stannous fluoride stain?
Light-brown, sometimes yellowish stain that occurs after repeated use of stannous fluoride gel or other product.
True or False
The brown stain results from the formation of stannous sulfide or brown tin oxide from the reaction of tin ion in the fluoride compound.
True
True or False
Chlorhexidine or alexidine are used in mouth rinses and are affective against biofilm formation.
True
True or False
Stain tends to form more rapidly on exposed roots than on enamel.
True
What is the etiology of red stain?
Chromogenic bacteria
How do metals or metallic salts from metal containing dust of industry cause stains?
Industrial worker inhales dust through mouth bringing metallic substances into contact with teeth (which causes the teeth to be green or bluish green if copper or brass is inhaled; brown or greenish brown if iron is inhaled; green if nickel is inhaled; yellow or golden brown if cadmium is inhaled)
What are some metallic substances contained in drugs?
Iron (black stain - iron sulfide) and manganese (black from potassium permanganate)
What is the prevention for stains caused by certain drugs?
Through a straw or in tablet form
What are tetracycline stains?
Stains caused by an antibiotic used for combatting infection (this can be transferred to the fetus if the mother is prescribed the antibiotic while pregnant)
What is imperfect teeth development?
Defective tooth development resulting from genetic abnormality or environmental influences during tooth development
What is systemic hypoplasia?
Teeth erupt with white spots or with pits (over time the spots become discolored from food pigments or other substances - from imperfect tooth development)
What is dental fluorosis (previously referred to as brown stain or mottled enamel)?
Enamel hypomineralization caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride ions in drinking water - more than 2 parts per million (when the teeth erupt they have white spots that later become discolored and appear light brown or dark brown)
True or False
Severe effects of excess fluoride during development may produce cracks or pitting.
True (this condition in appearance lead to the name mottled enamel)
What are systemic causes of stains?
Pigments circulating in the blood that are transmitted to the dentin from the capillaries of the pulp
Ex: prolonged jaundice can impart yellow or green discoloration
