Chapter 21

Question 1

Definition of Amelogenesis imperfecta

Answer 1

Imperfect formation of enamel; hereditary condition in which the ameloblasts fail to lay down the enamel matrix properly or at all.

Question 2

Definition of Chlorophyll

Answer 2

Green plant pigment essential to photosynthesis

Question 3

Definition of Chromogenic

Answer 3

Producing color or pigment

Question 4

Definition of Chronologic

Answer 4

Arranged in order of time

Question 5

Definition of Dentinogenesis imperfecta

Answer 5

Hereditary disorder of dentin formation in which the ondontoblasts lay down an abnormal matrix; can occur in both primary and permanent dentitions

Question 6

Definition of Endogenous

Answer 6

Produced within or caused by factors within

Question 7

Definition of Exogenous

Answer 7

Originating outside or caused by factors outside

Question 8

Definition of Extrinsic

Answer 8

Derived from or situated on the outside; external

Question 9

Definition of Hypoplasia

Answer 9

Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue

Question 10

Definition of Intrinsic

Answer 10

Situated entirely within

Question 11

What are the most frequently observed extrinsic stains?

Answer 11

First stains: 
Yellow
Green
Black line
Tobacco
Less common:
Orange
Red
Metallic

Question 12

What are endogenous intrinsic stains?

Answer 12

Stains incorporated within the tooth structure may be related to the period of tooth development

Question 13

What are exogenous intrinsic stains?

Answer 13

Intrinsic stains come from an outside source
Ex: Tobacco and green stains, restorative materials, tooth-color restorations may become stained from the various extrinsic staining substances

Question 14

What is documentation?

Answer 14

The permanent record of a patient with staining on the teeth needs explanations in the record of which stains, their location and other information of a descriptive nature.

What to record: color, type, extent, location of stains

Question 15

True or False

Certain stains can be removed by scaling, while others require polishing.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False

The most frequently observed stains are yellow, green, black line and tobacco.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False

Yellow stain is associated with biofilm.

Answer 17

True (Evident when personal OH care is neglected)

Question 18

What is the etiology of yellow stain?

Answer 18

Usually food pigments

Question 19

Where does green stain mostly occur?

Answer 19

Primarily facial, cervical third, max anterior teeth, proximal

Question 20

What is the etiology of green stains?

Answer 20

Oral uncleanliness, gingival hemorrhage, fungi, chromogenic bacteria

Question 21

What is the clinical approach to green stains?

Answer 21

Do not scale the area because demineralized tooth structure may lie underneath.

Question 22

What is stannous fluoride stain?

Answer 22

Light-brown, sometimes yellowish stain that occurs after repeated use of stannous fluoride gel or other product.

Question 23

True or False

The brown stain results from the formation of stannous sulfide or brown tin oxide from the reaction of tin ion in the fluoride compound.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or False

Chlorhexidine or alexidine are used in mouth rinses and are affective against biofilm formation.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False

Stain tends to form more rapidly on exposed roots than on enamel.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What is the etiology of red stain?

Answer 26

Chromogenic bacteria

Question 27

How do metals or metallic salts from metal containing dust of industry cause stains?

Answer 27

Industrial worker inhales dust through mouth bringing metallic substances into contact with teeth (which causes the teeth to be green or bluish green if copper or brass is inhaled; brown or greenish brown if iron is inhaled; green if nickel is inhaled; yellow or golden brown if cadmium is inhaled)

Question 28

What are some metallic substances contained in drugs?

Answer 28

Iron (black stain - iron sulfide) and manganese (black from potassium permanganate)

Question 29

What is the prevention for stains caused by certain drugs?

Answer 29

Through a straw or in tablet form

Question 30

What are tetracycline stains?

Answer 30

Stains caused by an antibiotic used for combatting infection (this can be transferred to the fetus if the mother is prescribed the antibiotic while pregnant)

Question 31

What is imperfect teeth development?

Answer 31

Defective tooth development resulting from genetic abnormality or environmental influences during tooth development

Question 32

What is systemic hypoplasia?

Answer 32

Teeth erupt with white spots or with pits (over time the spots become discolored from food pigments or other substances - from imperfect tooth development)

Question 33

What is dental fluorosis (previously referred to as brown stain or mottled enamel)?

Answer 33

Enamel hypomineralization caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride ions in drinking water - more than 2 parts per million (when the teeth erupt they have white spots that later become discolored and appear light brown or dark brown)

Question 34

True or False

Severe effects of excess fluoride during development may produce cracks or pitting.

Answer 34

True (this condition in appearance lead to the name mottled enamel)

Question 35

What are systemic causes of stains?

Answer 35

Pigments circulating in the blood that are transmitted to the dentin from the capillaries of the pulp

Ex: prolonged jaundice can impart yellow or green discoloration