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Physiology 1 > Chapter 21, 22 digestion and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 21, 22 digestion and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of the organs in the digestive system. What is the funtion of each?

A
  1. Digestive organs
    - makes a continuous tube from where food enters the mouth until it leaves as waste through anus
  2. Accessory 0rgans
    - not part of the tract/tube but assists with digestion
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2
Q

How long is the distance from the mouth to anus? What are the organs digestion? And accessory?

A
  1. gastrointestinal tract is 30ft long
  2. Organs of digestion: mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - anus
  3. Acessory organs: teeth, tongue salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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3
Q

What is the function of mouth and pharynx and salivary glands? What are the exocrine secretions?

A
  1. Functions:
    a. Mouth and pharynx: chewing begins and intitiation of swallowing
    b. Salivary glands: moisten food, lubrication, polysacharide-digesting enzyme
  2. Secretions:
    - Salivary glands: salt water, mucus, amylase
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4
Q

What is the function and secretion of the esophagus?

A
  1. Function: move food to stomach by peristatic waves, lubrication
  2. Secretion: mucus
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5
Q

What are the functions and secretions of the stomach?

A
  1. Function:
    a. store, mix, dissolve and continue *digestion of food *
    b. regulate emptying dissolved food into small intestine
    c. solubilization of food particles
    d. kill microbes and activate pepsinogen to pepsins
    e. protein digesting enzymes
    f. lubricate and protect epithelial surface
  2. Secretion: HCI, pepsins, mucus
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6
Q

What is the function and secretion of the pancreas?

A
  1. Function:
    a. secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate
    b. digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
    c. neutralize HCI entering small intestine from stomach
  2. Secretion: enzymes and bicarbonate
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7
Q

What is the function and secretion of the liver?

A
  1. Function:
    a. secretion of bile
    b. solubilize water-insoluble fats
    c. neutralize HCI entering small intestine from stomach
    elimination in feces
  2. Secretion: bile salts, bicarbonate, organic waste products and trace metals
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8
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Function: store and concentrate bile between meals

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9
Q

What are the functions and secretions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Function:
    a. digestion and reabsorption of most substances
    b. mixing and propulsion of contents
    c. food digestion
    d. maintain fluidity of luminal contents
    e. lubrication
  2. Secretion: Enzymes, salt and water, mucus
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10
Q

What is the function and secretion of the large intestine

A
  1. Function:
    a. storage and concentration of undigested matter
    b. absorption of salt and water
    c. mixing and propulsion of contents
    d. defacation
  2. Secretion: mucus
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11
Q

Where does digestion take place? And absorption? What about secretion and motility?

A
  1. Digestion: takes place in the digestive tube which is outside of the body and open at both ends
  2. Absorption: occurs along the tube
  3. Secretion and motility: take place as food travels through tube
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12
Q

What are the 4 processes of the digestive system?

A

Food enters the lumen of the digestive tract

  1. Digestion occurs in the lumen
  2. Motility occurs and keeps food traveling through digestive tract
  3. Absorption occurs which takes substances through lumen, pass the wall, and through interstitial fluid to the blood
  4. Secretion occurs from the cell wall into the lumen of the tract, neighboring cells or the blood.
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13
Q

What happens to food during digestion? What are the two types of digestion? How are they different?

A
  1. Food is broken down into simple organic molecules to make ATP, build tissues, and enzymes
  2. Mechanical
    - physically breaks down nutrients into smaller pieces
  3. Chemical
    - chemical breakdown of nutrient polymers into smaller building blocsk using digestive enzymes
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14
Q

What happens to polymers during digestion?

A

Polymers are broken down into simple monomers through hydrolysis which are simple building blocks that can be absorbed by the blood stream

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15
Q

Memorize how these polymers are broken down!

A
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16
Q

What is Motility? What are the methods?

A
  1. Movement through the GI tract as muscles push digesting material along
  2. a. mastication
    b. deglutination
    c. peristalsis
    d. segmentation
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17
Q

What is secreted via endocrine and exocrine? WHat do secretions regulate?

A
  1. Exocrine digestive enzymes, acids, and mucus are secreted
  2. Endocrine hormones to regulate digestion are secreted
  3. Daily mass fluid balance is the digestive system is regulated
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18
Q

How are the input and output of fluid balanced?

A
  • *Input**:
  • 2.0L food and drink
  • 1.5L saliva
  • 0.5L bile
  • 2.0L gastric secretions
  • 1.5L pancreatic secretions
  • 1.5L intestinal secretions
  • *Total = 9.0L in lumen**

Output
-7.5L absorbed by small intestine
-1.4L absorbed by large intestine
-0.1L excreted in feces
Total = 9.0L removed from lumen
-

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19
Q

What occurs in the oral cavity? What are the functions in the oral cavity?

A
  1. Ingestion of food occurs
  2. Functions:
    a. Mastication breaks apart and mixes food with saliva
    b. Saliva coats and lubricates food to aid swallowing
    c. Salivary amylase begins digestion of carbohydrates
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20
Q

How long is the esophagus? How many muscles are needed for deglutition? What action forces the bolus to travel to the stomach?

A
  1. *Hungs Voice* “Six inches.hehehehe..”
    - 10 inches long after the transiition from skeletal muscle at the top to the smooth muscle at the bottom
  2. 25 muscles are needed to coordinate swallowing
  3. Peristalsis moves a bolus down to the stomach
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21
Q

How long is food usually stored in the stomach? What happens in the stomach?

A
  1. 2-4 hours
  2. a. HCI acid and enzymes are secreted
    b. protein digestion begins
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22
Q

What are the three cells of the stomach?

A
  1. Chief cell: secretes and synthesizes protease, the precurser pepsinogen
  2. Parietal cell: synthesizes and secretes HCI which makes pH acidic
  3. Mucous cells: secretory cells which produce the acid containing protein mucin
23
Q

What effect does acid have on protease?

A

Acid in the stomach converts protease precurser pepsinogen to pepsin

24
Q

Why is the small intestine 20ft long? What is digested in the small intestine? What role do microvili have in the small intestine?

A
  1. It consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
  2. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids occurs
  3. Microvili absorb most nutrients and secreted fluids
25
What is the purpose of **ducts** _in the duodenum_?
**Exocrine secretions** from the _liver_ and _pancreas_ can **enter** from ducts into the duodenum
26
How are carbohydrates and sugars broken down? ![]()
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27
How are **proteins** digested?
Proteins are broken down into **peptides**. Peptides that are larger than di/tripeptides but not much larger are carried intact across the cell by transcytosis an into the liver Di and tripeptides
28
How are **lipids** _digested and absorbed_? What are the stages and where does it _take place_?
1. **_In the lumen of the small intestinal tract_** a. a fat droplet is **broken down** into small droplets of fat **by bile salt phospholipids** - **bile salts** **enhcance** the digestive action of **lipase** - when a large fat droplet is broken down its called _emulsification_ * \*The purpose of breaking down droplets into smaller ones is to create more surface area for lipase to work* b. **pancreatic lipase breaks** the droplet further **into** small groups called **micelles** c. by **breaking** the bonds of the **micelles**, _free fattty acids and monoglycerides can be absorbed_ 2. **_In the epithelial cell_** a. **Fatty acids and monoglycerides** _enter_ the cell through simple diffusion b. Inside the **smooth ER** enzymes _reasemble it into_ **chylomicron** * -chylomicron are transporters* 3. **_In lacteals_** c. **chylomicron then absorbs into lacteals** * -lacteals are lympthatic capillaries*
29
How are **nucleic acids** _digested_ and absorbed?
Nucleic acids are _digested by *nucleases* into_ **nitrogen bases** and **monosaccharides**
30
How are **vitamins** and **minerals** _digested and absorbed_?
* **Fat soluble vitamins** like _A, D, E, K_ are **absorbed with fats** in the _small intestin_ * **Water soluble vitamins** _C and B's_ are **transported into cells** by _membrane proteins_ * **Minerals** are moslty **absorbed** by _active transport_
31
How **long** is the large intestine? How long does it take to **pass** through the colon?
1. **5ft in length** 2. **30-40hours**
32
What are the **three functions** of the _large intestine_?
* In the colon _watery chyme_ is **converted** to _semisolid feces_ * Some **absoroption** of _water, electrolytes and vitamins_ - microbes help to synthesize _vitmaines K and B's_ * **Storage of feces** until it exits the GI tract through anus
33
What are the t**wo types of glands** of the _pancreas_? What is each **function**?
1. **Exocrine**: pancreatic acini make up the exocrine glands. a. **Makes** pancreatic juice _digestive enzymes _ b. also _makes buffers_ which enters the duodenum 2. **Endocrine**: islets of langerhans _produce hormones_ a. *glucagon and insulin*
34
What are the **five functions** of the _Liver_?
1. **Detoxification**: removes _toxins, drugs_ 2. **Protein synthesis** 3. **Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism** 4. **Storage** of _excess nutrients_ 5. **Synthesize bile**: _aids in lipid digestion_
35
What is the _purpose_ of the **gallbladder**?
**Stores and concentrates bile** from liver
36
What is the **Motility, Secretion, digestion and absorption** for the _esophagus and oral cavity_?
**M**: _swallowing and chewing_ **S**: _saliva and lipase_ **D**: _carbohydrates and fats_ (minimal) **A:** _none_
37
What is the **M,S,D,A** for the _stomach_?
**M**: _peristaltic mixing and propulsion_ **S**: _HCI_ (from *parietal cells*) _pepsinogen and gastric lipase_ (from *chief cells*) _mucus and HCO3-_ (from *mucous cell)* **D**: _proetins and fats_ **A**: _Lipid soluble substances_ (*alchohol and aspirin*)
38
What is the **M,S,D,A** of the _small intestine_?
M: _mixing and proplusion_ by *segmentation* **S**: _enzymes HCO3- and enzymes_ (from *pancrease)* _bile_ (*liver*) _mucus_ (*goblet cel*l) **D**: _carbohydrates_ _fats polypeptides nucleic acids_ **A: **_peptides_ (active transport) _amino acids_ _glucose and fructose_ (secondary transport) _fats_ (simple diffusion) _water_ (*osmsosis*) _ions and minerals_ _vitamins_ (active transport)
39
**M,S,D,A** of _large intestine_?
* *M**: **segmental mixing** * *mass movement for propulsion** **S**: _mucus_ (goblet cell) **D**: _none_ (except bacteria) **A**: _Ions water minerals vitamins_ **small organic molecule****s** produced by bacteria
40
What happens during **metabolism**? What are the **different types**? WHat are the **different states**?
1. **Extracts energy from nutrients** a. _usess energy for work and synthesis_ b. _stores excess energy_ 2. **anabolic versus catabolic** 3. **fed versus fasted state**
41
What controls **food intake**? What are the **two theories** behind feeling full?
1. The brain has two centers in the **hypothalamus ** - _feeding and satiety center_ _2. glucostatic and lipostatic theory_
42
What are carbohydrates primarily absorbed as? What are the _fates_ of **carbohydrates**?
1. **glucose** 2. a. used **immediately for energy** b. used for **lipoprotein synthesis** in the *liver* c. **stored as glycogen** in the *liver and muscle* d. **excess converted to fat** and **stored in adipose tissue** - _glucose \> pyruvate \> acetyl CoA \> fatty acids_
43
What are _proteins_ primarily **absrobed as**? What are its **fates**?
1. **amino acids** 2. a. most go to **tissue for protein synthesis** b. *convert in liver* to **substitute for aerobic metabolism** *if energy is needed* c. **excess converted to fat** and **stored in adipose tissue** _amino acids \> acetyl CoA \> fatty acids_
44
What are _fats_ **absorbed as**? What are there **fates**?
1. t**riglycerides** 2. **stored as fats in liver and adipose tissue**
45
What is the push pull control of metabolism?
1. **enzyme activity is regulated** so that the _pathway cycles back and forth_
46
What *hormone* is the **fed state** *influenced by*? What is the **net synthesi**s?
1. **insulin** \***insulin stiumulates glycogen synthesis\*** 2. **net glycogen synthesis**
47
What *hormone* is the **fasted state** *influenced by*? What is the **net synthesis**?
1. **glucagon** 2. **net glucose synthesis**
48
What is the **role of insulin**? What does _insulin raise_? What _effect_ deos it have _on glucose levels_?
1. Insulin **promotes anabolism and increases glucose transport** into insulin sensitive cells 2. **Raises**: - _glusose oxidation and synthesis_ - _fat synthesis_ - _protein synthesis_ **_\*During fed state insulin dominates\*_**
49
What does **glucagon promote**? Whats the effesct on **glucose levels**? What does glucagon **raise**?
1. Idk, check your notes and tell me 2. **Raises:** - _glycogensis_ _-gluconeogenesis -ketogenesis_ _\*In fasted state glucagon dominates\*_
50
What is the **fasted state** of _adipose and skeltal muscle_? What is the **fed state** of adipose and skeltal muscle?
1. **Fasted**: _Insulin is absent_. Because of this there are _no GLUT4_ transporters in the membrane so _glucose cannot enter the cell_ 2. **Fed**: I_nsulin binds to receptors_ and signals _GLUT4 transporters to take in glucose_
51
What is the **fasted** _and_ **fed** state for **liver hypatocytes**?
1. **Fasted**: _hepatocytes make glucose_ (glycogen stores and gluconeogenesis) and _transports it into the blood using *GLUT2*_ - *insulin is low* 2. Fed: _glucose_ concentration gradient is _highest in the blood_. _GLUT2 now reverses_ and takes in glucose. _Insulin signals glucose conversion_
52
Why is is _necessary_ to maintain fasted state metabolism? how does this happen? \*check chart to see better idea\* ![]()
1. To _maintain plasma glucose homestasis for the **brain**_ 2. a. _Liver glycogen is converted to glucose_ b. _adipose lipids become free fatty acids and glycerol_ that enter blood c. _muscle glycogen can be used for energy_. - _muscles also use fatty acids and break down their proteins_ *to amino acids* that enter the blood d. *brain can use only glucose and ketones for energy*
53
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Physiology 1 (19 decks)

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