Chapter 21&22-Age of Exploration & Scientific Revolution

Question 1

In the 1400s and 1500s, Europeans acquired control of what, by exploring the world by sea?

Answer 1

The Americas and parts of Asia

Question 2

What interrupted the flow of goods over land from Asia to Europe via the silk road? And what did this force the Europeans to do?

Answer 2

Political changes. This forced Europeans to look for alternative routes to Asia.

Question 3

What helped the Europeans to improve their abilities to travel on the seas and explore the world?

Answer 3

New technologies

Question 4

Who convinced Spain to let him explore another route to Asia across the Atlantic ocean? And where was he from?

Answer 4

Christopher Columbus. Italy.

Question 5

What did Christopher Columbus accidentally discover in his exploration to find the route to Asia?

Answer 5

The Americas

Question 6

Who led the first expedition to sail around the world, sailing from Portugal?

Answer 6

Ferdinand Magellan

Question 7

Who is the first European to sail around the south of Africa?

Answer 7

Vasco de Gama

Question 8

Who conquered the powerful Aztec empire?

Answer 8

Hernan Cortes

Question 9

Who crossed central America in Panama and found the Pacific Ocean?

Answer 9

Vasco Nunez de balboa

Question 10

Who was one of Balboa’ssoldiers who defeated the Inca empire in Peru?

Answer 10

Francisco Pizarro

Question 11

Who ruled Spanish colonies in north and south America?

Answer 11

The Viceroys

Question 12

What were the Viceroy’s two goals when ruling the Spanish colonies?

Answer 12

To bring back wealth to Spain and to convert Native Americans to Christianity

Question 13

Who claimed what is now Brazil for Portugal?

Answer 13

Pedro Cabral

Question 14

The colonist who settled in Brazil established plantations where they grew what cash crops?

Answer 14

Sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and cotton

Question 15

What is a circular trade pattern between Europe, Asia, and the Americas?

Answer 15

The Columbian exchange

Question 16

Besides the sharing of products, what does the Columbian exchange also trade? Give examples.

Answer 16

Diseases and information. Many Indians died from diseases brought over from the Europeans.

Also, many foods were introduced from the Indians, like squash and beans.

Question 17

Who used reason to develop theories about nature?

Answer 17

The ancient Greeks

Question 18

During the Middle Ages people based their ideas about science on what?

Answer 18

Ancient Greek writings

Question 19

Europeans started to think differently about science, which led to what? And when?

Answer 19

The scientific revolution

1500’s

Question 20

Who developed the heliocentric view of the universe?

Answer 20

Copernicus

Question 21

Who believed in conducting experiments and used scientific instruments? And which instruments did he use?

Answer 21

Galileo believe in conducting experiments and use the scientific instruments. He used the telescope, water thermometer, and improved clocks

Question 22

Who developed the law of gravity?

Answer 22

Isaac Newton

Question 23

In the 1700s, educated people used what to uncover error and find truth? And what was this period known as?

Answer 23

Reason. The age of enlightenment

Question 24

What did enlightenment philosophers create theories about?

Answer 24

They created influential theories about politics and government.

Question 25

Who created a political theory that supports a very powerful king?

Answer 25

Thomas Hobbes

Question 26

Who developed a political theory stating that government should be based on natural law?

Answer 26

John Locke

Question 27

Which French philosopher wrote works that support freedom of speech and religion?

Answer 27

Voltaire

Question 28

Which French philosopher believed that people are naturally good?

Answer 28

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 29

What are soldier explorers that Spain sent to the Americas called?

Answer 29

Conquistadors

Question 30

What does circumnavigate mean?

Answer 30

To sail around the world

Question 31

What are other groups willing to go to battle and support each other for a common purpose called?

Answer 31

Allies

Question 32

What are cash crops?

Answer 32

Cash crops are crops that are grown in large quantities to be sold for profit.

Question 33

What is the theory of mercantilism?

Answer 33

1) A country’s power depends on it’s wealth. 2) A country must export, or sell to other countries, more goods than it imports, or buys from other countries.
3) Countries should also establish colonies. Colonists should ship materials that are not found or made in the home country back to the home country to be used in manufacturing.

Question 34

What does heliocentric mean? And who developed it?

Answer 34

Sun centered. Copernicus

Question 35

What does geocentric mean?

Answer 35

Earth centered

Question 36

What is the scientific method? And why is it important?

Answer 36

The scientific method is an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence. It is still used in scientific research today. It consists of the following steps: 1) observe 2) hypothesize 3) predict based on hypothesis 4) test predictions 5) modify hypothesis

Question 37

What was the Glorious Revolution and why was it important?

Answer 37

The glorious Revolution was when King James II of England was overthrown and his daughter Mary and her husband William took the throne. It was important because it eventually turned England into a constitutional monarchy, which limits the power of the king.

Question 38

What is a constitutional monarchy?

Answer 38

A political system in which a king or queen rules according to a constitution

Question 39

What is separation of powers?

Answer 39

Separation of powers means that power should be equally divided among the branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial.