Chapter 21&22-Age of Exploration & Scientific Revolution Flashcards
In the 1400s and 1500s, Europeans acquired control of what, by exploring the world by sea?
The Americas and parts of Asia
What interrupted the flow of goods over land from Asia to Europe via the silk road? And what did this force the Europeans to do?
Political changes. This forced Europeans to look for alternative routes to Asia.
What helped the Europeans to improve their abilities to travel on the seas and explore the world?
New technologies
Who convinced Spain to let him explore another route to Asia across the Atlantic ocean? And where was he from?
Christopher Columbus. Italy.
What did Christopher Columbus accidentally discover in his exploration to find the route to Asia?
The Americas
Who led the first expedition to sail around the world, sailing from Portugal?
Ferdinand Magellan
Who is the first European to sail around the south of Africa?
Vasco de Gama
Who conquered the powerful Aztec empire?
Hernan Cortes
Who crossed central America in Panama and found the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de balboa
Who was one of Balboa’ssoldiers who defeated the Inca empire in Peru?
Francisco Pizarro
Who ruled Spanish colonies in north and south America?
The Viceroys
What were the Viceroy’s two goals when ruling the Spanish colonies?
To bring back wealth to Spain and to convert Native Americans to Christianity
Who claimed what is now Brazil for Portugal?
Pedro Cabral
The colonist who settled in Brazil established plantations where they grew what cash crops?
Sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and cotton
What is a circular trade pattern between Europe, Asia, and the Americas?
The Columbian exchange
Besides the sharing of products, what does the Columbian exchange also trade? Give examples.
Diseases and information. Many Indians died from diseases brought over from the Europeans.
Also, many foods were introduced from the Indians, like squash and beans.
Who used reason to develop theories about nature?
The ancient Greeks
During the Middle Ages people based their ideas about science on what?
Ancient Greek writings
Europeans started to think differently about science, which led to what? And when?
The scientific revolution
1500’s
Who developed the heliocentric view of the universe?
Copernicus
Who believed in conducting experiments and used scientific instruments? And which instruments did he use?
Galileo believe in conducting experiments and use the scientific instruments. He used the telescope, water thermometer, and improved clocks
Who developed the law of gravity?
Isaac Newton
In the 1700s, educated people used what to uncover error and find truth? And what was this period known as?
Reason. The age of enlightenment
What did enlightenment philosophers create theories about?
They created influential theories about politics and government.
Who created a political theory that supports a very powerful king?
Thomas Hobbes
Who developed a political theory stating that government should be based on natural law?
John Locke
Which French philosopher wrote works that support freedom of speech and religion?
Voltaire
Which French philosopher believed that people are naturally good?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What are soldier explorers that Spain sent to the Americas called?
Conquistadors
What does circumnavigate mean?
To sail around the world
What are other groups willing to go to battle and support each other for a common purpose called?
Allies
What are cash crops?
Cash crops are crops that are grown in large quantities to be sold for profit.
What is the theory of mercantilism?
1) A country’s power depends on it’s wealth. 2) A country must export, or sell to other countries, more goods than it imports, or buys from other countries.
3) Countries should also establish colonies. Colonists should ship materials that are not found or made in the home country back to the home country to be used in manufacturing.
What does heliocentric mean? And who developed it?
Sun centered. Copernicus
What does geocentric mean?
Earth centered
What is the scientific method? And why is it important?
The scientific method is an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence. It is still used in scientific research today. It consists of the following steps: 1) observe 2) hypothesize 3) predict based on hypothesis 4) test predictions 5) modify hypothesis
What was the Glorious Revolution and why was it important?
The glorious Revolution was when King James II of England was overthrown and his daughter Mary and her husband William took the throne. It was important because it eventually turned England into a constitutional monarchy, which limits the power of the king.
What is a constitutional monarchy?
A political system in which a king or queen rules according to a constitution
What is separation of powers?
Separation of powers means that power should be equally divided among the branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial.
