chapter 21 Flashcards
What happened by 1918
European nation’s grip on colonial empires was weakening
US ceased acquiring overseas territories
US-developed informal empire based on business interests rather than administrative control
What did President Woodrow Wilson believe at the end of 1918
US should steer middle course between revolutionary socialism AND European style imperiialism
imperialism
exercise of military political and economic power oersees
Describe the historian’s perspective of U.S imperialism?
Realize that there are continuities between the foreign policy in 1918 and the nation’s expansion across the continent earlier (wars against native people)
Describe the connection between the 1890s and 1918
In the 1890s = policymakers were on a quest for global markets. (industrialization modern navy, economic crisis of 1890s, etc..)
1918 = there is high unemployment and mass protests which led policymakers to fear that American workers would embrace socialism or communism.
The alternative to this was creating jobs and prosperity at home instead.
Describe the connection between the 1890s and 1918
In the 1890s = policymakers were on a quest for global markets. (industrialization modern navy, economic crisis of 1890s, etc..)
1918 = there is high unemployment and mass protests which led policymakers to fear that American workers would embrace socialism or communism.
The alternative to this was creating jobs and prosperity at home instead.
Describe the connection between the 1890s and 1918
In the 1890s = policymakers were on a quest for global markets. (industrialization modern navy, economic crisis of 1890s, etc..)
1918 = there is high unemployment and mass protests which led policymakers to fear that American workers would embrace socialism or communism.
The alternative to this was creating jobs and prosperity at home instead.
Josiah Strong
Congregationalist who urged proselytize overseas as he believed in Anglo-Saxan supremacy.
This was grounded in American exceptionalism.
American exceptionalism.
idea that the united states had an unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization.
Describe European influence in the US
Fear of ruthless competition drove the US to invest latest weapons.
Saw that European powers were dividing up Africa and Asia among themselves as well as building steel-plated Battleships
Alfred T. Mahan
naval officer
wrote Influence of Sea Power upon History
observed that naval power is essential to growth of past empires
What did Mahan’s acions lead to
congress appropriated funds for 3 battleships
president grover Cleveland continued this naval program
Describe the start of the War of 1898
February 1985: Cubans mount major guerrilla war against Spain.
Spain respodns by rounding up civilians into concentration camps
Describe the US response to the concentration camps in Cuba
- William Randolph Hearst turned plight into cause celebre, feeding surge of nationalism among those who believed males were getting weaker during industrial society
- President Cleveland did not want to support the revolution but recognized that the war disrupted trade and damaged American-owned sugar plantations on the island.
What did McKinley do in response to the War of 1898.
In 1897, a US miniter informed Spain that it must make peace or US would step in
- This initially worked as the conservative regime fell and was replaced with liberal government who offered Cuba limited self-rule
- Spanish loyalists in Havana rioated against this proposal
- Cuban rebels held out for full independence.
Februaryt 9 1898
Hearst published letter by Dupuy de Lome belittling McKinley administration –» increasing indignation against Spain.
Maine (us battle cruiser) sunk and exploded in Havana Harbor
Describe the response to the Maine sinking.
Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis
- McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
= immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba. - Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
- McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
Describe the response to the Maine sinking.
Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis
- McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
= immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba. - Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
- McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
Describe the response to the Maine sinking.
Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis
- McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
= immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba. - Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
- McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
Describe the response to the Maine sinking.
Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis
- McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
= immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba. - Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
- McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
Describe Roosevelt in the War of 1898
Commodore George Dewey was the compander of the Pacific Fleet and had instructions to sail to the Spanish-owned Philippines.
- When war was declared, Roosevelt confronted his superior and pressured him into validating Dewey’s instructions
- May 1 1898 = American ships cornered Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and destroyed it and the capital.
Describe the annexation of Hawaii
- Hawaii had been under American dominance as its climate attracted American sugercrane planters.
- the 1876 treaty between both nations gave Hawaii access to American market and America sugercane. Hawaii also gave U.S Naval base at Pearl Harbor.
- When the new tarrif in 1890 cancelled Hawaii’s access to the US market, sugar planters revolted against Hawaii and issued teraty of annexation
Why did Grover cleveland reject treaty of annexation
Believed it violated America’s unbroken tradition against acquiring territory overseas.
Congress authorized annexation of Hawaii in July 1898.
July 3 1898
Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor tried a desperare run through American blockade and was destroyed
days later Spanish destroyed
Describe what the US wished to do with the Philippines
- initially waned only Manilla
- Mckinley believed that he found justification for annexing the whole Philippines (You cannot leave the filipinos to govern, they are unfit for self rule)
- Jane Addams, Mark Twain, etc.. enlisted in antiimperialist cause.
- andrew carnegie and samuel gompers did not want this
- some argued that filipinos were capable of self rule, whereas others argued and warned about the dangers of annexing 8 million of an inferior rase
How did Spain give United States the Philippines
Treaty of Paris
20 millioin for Philippines
Describe the fight betewen American and Filipino patrols on February 4 1899
Emilo Aguinaldo turned his guns on the occupying American Forces
- US would burn crops and round up civilians
- 3 years of warfare in which 200,000 Filipinos died
Describe the treaty after the Philipine and American “war”
Guaranteed freedom of religion to inhabitants of ceded Spanish territories, but withheld promise of citizenship. This was decided by congress
Supreme Court upheld this decision in the Insular Cases
Insular Cases
Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories
Puerto Rico and Guam, and Philippines are colonies not states
Jones Act of 1916
Commited US to Philippine independence, but with no set date
Describe the Open Door
American policymakers were interested in East Asia.
Following Japan’s victory in Sino-Japanese Warr, coastal China was divided into spheres of influence for Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and Britian
To avoid being left out, Sec. of State John Hay claimed right of equal trade access or open door for all nations wanting to do business in China
