chapter 18

Question 1

In what three ways did the middle and working classes distinguish each other?

Answer 1

work
consumerism
leisure

Question 2

Describe consumer culture and inequality.

Answer 2

Products were developed for the consumer; consumer culture seemed democratic as working-class Americans could purchase cheap mass-produced goods and watch moving pictures

however, there was class inequality, race privellage, and traditional gender roles in consumerism

consumer-oriented businesses enticed middle-class women to change old shopping and leisure habits. women were offered tearooms, day-care, and other services.

on the other hand, the working-class women would work in the establishments and use employee discounts

Question 3

how did technology widen the gap between the middle and working-class

Answer 3

Technology (washing machine, vacuum cleaner, telephones) changed social relations and eased life for middle class

Technology offered employment for working class

Question 4

Describe transportation and the inequality?

Answer 4

Transportation was elegant for the middle-class

African Americans were segregated against.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) said that segregation may occur as long as the accomodations were equal. They followed Jim Crow Legilsation that segregated commerical + public spaces in the South.

However, the accomdations were usually not.

Question 5

Describe gender expectations for men and the change it underwent?

Answer 5

A man did not use his muscle as much as “brain work”.

Athletics became a leisure activity to prevent weakness and decay and to maintain toughness and strength.

Question 6

What was the YMCA

Answer 6

Young Men’s Christian Association
= combined athletics with evangelizing appeal

wanted to teach discipline and instill teamwork and pride

working-class men were offered indoor games and leisure activities

middle class and elite men and women were offered country club activities and aggressive physical sports.

Question 7

Describe “America’s game”

Answer 7

Before the Civil War, the only “games” were Native American lacrosse and European American cricket.

Baseball was developed in the mid-19th century and spread to military camps.

It was created by independent craftsmen and adopted by middle-class/elite men. 
= Elite men played it for strength and fitness 
= Working class men played it for discipline and teamwork

A new consumer was made: the fan

Question 8

Describe African American Baseball

Answer 8

They were not allowed to play in the national league, and the game had become separated.

They made an all-Negro league to celebrate the athletic talent and racial pride

Question 9

Describe American Football

Answer 9

was the most controversial sport (began at Ivy League Schools)

Attracted business sponsorship. Executives of Carnegie Steel organized teams and created a league during the anthracite coal strike.

Pittsburgh Steelers

Question 10

Describe the Great Outdoors in the late 19th century?

Answer 10

The outdoors changed from being viewed as dangerous to recreational and leisure.

Women took up archery and golf. Men and women took up bicycling.

Railroads were used to go to national parks or go camping & rent cottages.

Question 11

What nature conservation movements arose?

Answer 11

Organizations (Appalachian Mountain Club, Sierra Club) dedicated themselves to preserving and enjoying the mountains.

Governments would set aside public land for preservation and recreation. Wilson expanded the park system and created the National Park Service (1916).

Conservationists protected wildlife (Lacey Act, National Audubon Society, Roosevelt’s National Wildlife Refuge at Pelican Island, Florida)>

Fishing and hitting were redefined as recreational, not subsistence

Question 12

What was the antiquities act?

Answer 12

US presidents can set aside objects of historic and scientific interest WITHOUT congressional approval

Roosevelt used it to preserve Grand Canyon

Question 13

Describe changes in family life in the 1900s?

Answer 13

The average woman in 1800 bore 7 children. This number decreased to 3.6 by 1900.

Childbearing was limited
= mothers would space pregnancy by nursing young children for several years (this suppressed fertility)
= contraceptives

1873 = Anthony Comstock banned obscene materials from US mail (information about sex and birth control)

Question 14

Describe education in the 1900s?

Answer 14

High school education was good for boys who wanted to enter professional or managerial work. (daughters attend school more than sons).

1900 = 71% of Americans attended School
- School was co-ed with athletics

1920 = 8% attended college

state college began stressing technical training, and private colleges used liberal arts (under harvard’s Charles eliot).

Question 15

Who was Washington?

Answer 15

Booker T. Washington created the Tuskegee Institute

proiminent black leader who emphasized racial progress in the South, and supported segregation.

wanted to avoid confrontation with whites, but accommodated them too much.

Question 16

Describe female college education in the NE and S vs MW and W

Answer 16

women attended single-sex institutions or teacher-training colleges.

private colleges offered equivalent educations (Vassar, Smith, Wellesley).

Co-education was prevalent in MW and W, immediately after the civil war.

Question 17

What was the Association for the Advancement of Women

Answer 17

founded in 1873

defended women’s education and argued that a women’s paid employment was good.

Question 18

Why was the General Federation of Women’s Clubs Created

Answer 18

middle-class wanted to expand their place beyond the household and take political action in the late 1800s.

they would make maternalist arguments and justify work based on their role as a mother.

Question 19

What was the WCTU

Answer 19

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (headed by Frances Willard - A Christina socialist)

Wanted to advocate the prohibition of liquor

Launched women into public reform

Advocated women’s suffrage and supported the Prohibition Party.

Question 20

Why was the WCTU important for women

Answer 20

allowed them to raise money and become politically involved

they could join People’s Party or National Congress of Mothers

could run for office

Question 21

How were Women’s groups patriotic?

Answer 21

Daughters of American Revolution = devoted themselves to celebrating memory of revolutionary war hero

United Daughters of Confederacy = extoled South’s Lost Cause

Question 22

Describe African American women and their women’s groups

Answer 22

1896 = Created the National Association of Colored Women (focused attention on community support)

black women would care for orphans, find home for elderly, work for temperance, and undertake public health campaigns.

IDA B. WELLS: launched campaign against lynching. showed that lunching occurred due to labor disputes, economic competition, and consensual relationships between white women and black men.

Question 23

What was the NBC

Answer 23

National Baptist church housed the largest black women’s group.

The Women’s Convention of the NBC promoted night school, health clinic, kindergarten, daycare, prison outreach

Question 24

What is NAWSA

Answer 24

National American Woman Suffrage Organization (split during reconstruction, but reunited in 1890).

Won victories in Colorado, Idaho, Utah.

Antisuffragists believed that women voters would double their husband’s votes.

Question 25

Describe greenwhich village

Answer 25

NY Greenwich Village
= radical gays and lesbians

Heterodoxy Club
= open to any women who pledged to not be orthodox in her opinion

Question 26

What changed regarding faith in the 1800-1900s?

Answer 26

FAITH IN SCIENCE
= researchers believed that they could only rely on facts and observable phenomena.

Evolution was widely contested (Charles Darwin and ‘On the Origin of Species).
-Proposal of Natural Selection

Question 27

Describe Social Darwinism

Answer 27

aruged that humans undergo the same natural selection that animals and plants do

some people argued that it was an excuse for the worst excesses of industrialization

ideas such as sterilizing those who are “unfit” were proposed due to this
= 20,000 people were sterilized by the 1930s (specifically in Cali and VA)
= eugenists supported segregation ,racial discrimination, and immigration restrictions

Question 28

Describe the change in literature?

Answer 28

Changed to REALISM

Crane’s ‘Maggie: A girl of the Streets’ described a slum girl’s death.

Garland’s ‘Main-Travelled Roads’ described a families struggle in Iowa and SD

some authors (London) dramatized what he saw.

LONDON AND CRANE used literary naturalism
= human begins are blind victims of force beyond their control (subconscious impulse nad desire)

Question 29

What did Mark Twain do?

Answer 29

condemned slavery and racism
critiqued America's idea of progress 
laid groundwork for literary modernism 
= were religious skeptics/atheist
= questioned the idea of progress and disorder

Question 30

Describe photogrpahy and the change in it?

Answer 30

some people believed that the rise in photography made it obsolete.

Painters made their own form of realism
= NY Realists participated in the Armory Show (the most controversial event in American Art History)
= The Show introduced America to MODERN AT

Question 31

What was a similarity between realism and modernism?

Answer 31

the leading writers and artists were men

the men denounced 19th century culture as FEMINIZED

men tried to masculinize America

Question 32

Describe religion and science?

Answer 32

Many believed that science would sweep away religion, but religious practice was stronger than ever.

Protestants developed creative new responses to industrialization

Question 33

Describe immigrant faiths?

Answer 33

2 million children attended catholic school, instead of public school.

Catholics and Jews fell away from religious practice due to secular pressures.
The Catholics who still followed their religion wanted to incorporate their ethnic identities into their religion. The church appointed immigrant priests as auxiliary bishops because of this.

Jews embraced Reform Judaism.
Yiddish-speaking Jews from Eastern Europe still practiced Judaism traditionally though.

Question 34

Describe Missionaries

Answer 34

Protestant Missionaries grew rapidly (supported by global steamship and telegraph lines)

Missionaries won converts over by offering medical care and promoting women’s education

the APA (american protective association) was created by Militant Protestants. 
= anti-catholic 

there was a fear that catholics and jews would overtake the dominance of protestants in the united states

Question 35

Wha was the Social Gospel

Answer 35

the movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice

this was epitomized in Charles Sheldon’s novel ‘In His Steps’

e.g. salvation army spread a message of repentance among the urban poor

Question 36

What is fundamentalism

Answer 36

the strict and literal interpretation of the bible
= there would be conferences at niagra falls (Niagra Creed) that would reaffirm the truth of the bible

would use revival meetings and offer salvation to anyone who had protestant beliefs,

Question 37

What would fundamentalism lead to

Answer 37

the progressive reforms and the condemnation of socialist would lead to nativism and anti radicalism after WW1

Question 38

Who was Billy Sunday and what did he do?

Answer 38

have aggressive thoughts on progressive reform and condemnation of socialists?

he masculinized American culture through sermons, being a baseball player, modern marketing, etc…