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BIOL 1190 COPY I.D > Chapter 20: The heart > Flashcards

Chapter 20: The heart Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the heart

A

located in the mediastinum

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2
Q

What does the pericardium consist of

A
  • superficial fibrous pericardium
  • deeper serous pericardium
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3
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • has one layer
  • composed of tough, inelastic dense irregular connective tissue
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4
Q

Fibrous pericardium function

A
  • prevents overstretching of the heart
  • provides protection
  • anchors the heart to the mediastinum
  • Apex of the heart is anchored to the diaphragm
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5
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • has 2 layers
  • parietal pericardium
  • visceral pericardium
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6
Q

The parietal and visceral pericardium is separated by

A

the pericardial cavity, a fluid filled space
- reduces friction between the layers when the heart moves

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7
Q

Layers of the heart wall

A
  1. epicardium (visceral layer)
  2. myocardium (muscle layer)
  3. endocardium (inner most layer)
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8
Q

Pericarditis

A
  • inflammation of the pericardium
  • Acute pericarditis: sudden, no known cause, may be linked to viral infection
  • Chronic pericarditis: build up of fluid around the pericardium
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9
Q

Myocarditis

A
  • inflammation of the myocardium, usually complication of viral infection
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10
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • inflammation of the endocardium
  • typically due to bacteria and involves heart valves
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11
Q

Chambers of the heart

A
  • 2 atria (single is atrium)
  • 2 ventricles
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12
Q

Coronary sinus

A

major coronary vein located in the rear section of the heart

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13
Q

Right atrium

A

receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

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14
Q

Right ventricle

A

receives blood from the right atrium and sends blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary artery

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15
Q

Left atrium

A

receives blood from the pulmonary veins
- brings oxygenated blood from the lungs

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16
Q

Left ventricle

A

receives blood from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular valve
- sends blood all over the body

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17
Q

The left ventricle is much thicker than that if the right ventricle because…

A

the left ventricle has to pump blood to the rest of the body

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18
Q

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • 4 dense connective tissue rings that surround the valves of the heart
  • forms the foundation in which the heart valves attach
  • serves as a point of insertion for cardiac muscle bundles
  • prevents overstretching of the heart as blood passes through them
  • acts as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles
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19
Q

What do the valves of the heart prevent

A
  • they open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes
  • right and left atrioventricular valves prevent backflow from ventricles into the atria
  • right and left semilunar valves prevent backflow from the arteries to the ventricles
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20
Q

Chordae tendineae

A
  • heart strings
  • connect valves to papillary muscles
  • relaxed when valves are open
  • when the valves close heart strings become taught
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21
Q

Damage to the chordae tendineae can lead to

A

heart problems

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22
Q

Coronary circulation

A
  • blood flows through coronary arteries to deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium
  • the arteries branch from the ascending aorta
  • coronary veins remove CO2 and waste
  • coronary vein branches converge to the coronary sinus
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23
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A
  • reduced blood flow to the myocardium
  • can cause hypoxia and angina pectoris, and pain in the neck, chin, left arm and elbow
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24
Q

Myocardial infarction

A
  • heart attack
  • death of tissues due to interrupted oxygen supply
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25
Q

Intercalated discs show

A

borders of cardiac muscle cells

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26
Q

What type of cardiac cells are self excitable

A
  • autorythmic fibers are self excitable
  • not all cardiac myocytes are self excitable
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27
Q

The heart does not need…

A

nerve impulses however the brain can still send impulses to slow down or speed up the heart

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28
Q

What do autorhythmic fibers do

A

repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that then trigger heart contractions

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29
Q

Originating heart rhythm comes from

A

SA node
- natural pacemaker

30
Q

SA node and AV node

A

SA node:
- generates an electrical signal that causes the atria (upper chambers) to contract

AV node:
- the electrical signal then passes through the AV node causing the ventricles to contract

31
Q

What is considered the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

32
Q

The AV node has less

A

gap junctions therefore the electrical signal is delayed

33
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A
  • device that sends out small electrical currents to stimulate the heart to contract
  • connected to 1-2 flexible leads threaded through superior vena cava and champers of the heart
34
Q

What can influence the heart rate and force of contraction

A

signals from the nervous system and hormones like epinephrine can modify heart rate but they do not set the fundamental rhythm

35
Q

What happens after a heart transplant

A

you no longer have nerve control over the heart but still have hormonal control
- the vagus nerve of the nervous system helps to slow the heart down when needed normally but after a heart transplant the heart rate remains the same as the SA node sets it

36
Q

Action potential in a ventricular fiber

A
  1. rapid depolarization: influx of na
  2. Plateau: maintained depolarization
  3. Repolarization
37
Q

Cardiac muscle generates ATP via

A

anaerobic cellular respiration and creatine phosphate

38
Q

Cardiac muscle cannot do

A

wave summation because we dont need stronger contractions, we need the same rate

39
Q

ECG

A

recording of the electrical changes that accompany each heart beat

40
Q

What does the cardiac cycle consist of

A

contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of both atria rapidly followed by systole and diastole of the ventricles

41
Q

Events of one heart beat

A
  • electrical events: PQRST wave
  • Pressure changes: BP
  • Heart Sounds
  • Volume changes
  • Mechanical events
42
Q

Electrical events of a heart beat explained

A
  • P wave: precedes atrial systole and the electrical signal travels towards the ventricles
  • QRS wave: directly precedes and turns on muscles of ventricles (before ventricular systole)
    T wave: precedes relaxation of ventricles and atria
43
Q

Which wave is depolarization and which wave is repolarization

A

P wave is depolarization
T wave is repolarization

44
Q

Repolarization meaning

A

resetting the electrochemical gradients of the cell to prepare for a new action potential

45
Q

why is there a delay in ventricular contraction

A

AV node has less fibers and gap junctions

46
Q

Heart sounds

A

S1: Av valves slam shut
S2: semilunar valves slam shut
S3: ventricular filling: turbulence
S4: sound of blood turbulence due to atrial contraction and blood going from atria to ventricles

47
Q

Volume changes: isometric volume

A

volume doesn’t change because the 4 valves are closed for a brief second

48
Q

Volume changes: ventricular systole

A

volume decreases during ventricular systole

49
Q

In the relaxation period the volume starts to go…

A

up as the atria fill up

50
Q

Mechanical events of a heart beat

A
  • atrial contraction
  • isovolumetric contraction
  • ventricular ejection
  • isovolumetric relaxation
  • ventricular filling
51
Q

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation:

A

pressure in the ventricles goes down as the heart relaxaes.
- All 4 valves close; as the heart relaxes, the negative pressure causes the valves to close. Eventually the AV valves open with the pressure.

52
Q

In order to fill the ventricles we dont need

A

atrial systole however it helps to further push the blood into the ventricles

53
Q

Dicrotic wave:

A

second upstroke upon closing of the aortic valve

54
Q

Ventricular pressure rises during

A

atrial and ventricular systole

55
Q

atrial pressure rises

A

slightly during atrial systole and then slightly during ventricular systole to close the AV valve shut

56
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute

57
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in one beat

58
Q

Athletes have a higher stroke volume which leads to

A

decreased hr

59
Q

What 3 factors regulate stroke volume

A
  • Preload
  • Contractility
  • Afterload
60
Q

Preload

A
  • how much the ventricles can fill
  • the more the ventricles, the higher the stroke volume
61
Q

Who would have a higher preload and stroke volume

A

people with a low resting hr because they have a longer duration of ventricular diastole

62
Q

Contractility

A
  • affected by Ca+
  • it is the strength of the contraction at any given preload
  • contractility is increased or decreased by positive inotropic agents
63
Q

Afterload

A
  • pressure in the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
  • the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk to open the semilunar valves
64
Q

The lower the afterload

A

the higher the stroke volume

65
Q

What conditions can increase afterload and therefore decrease stroke volume

A
  • hypertension, atherosclerosis
66
Q

Intra-aortic balloon pump

A
  • catheter inserted through groin
  • balloon inflates and pushes blood both towards heart and peripheral tissues
  • the balloon is then deflated rapidly before next ventricular systole
67
Q

Ventricular assist device

A
  • mechanical pump helps a weakened ventricle pump
  • may be used while waiting for heart transplant
  • creates a detour
68
Q

Some people with VADs dont have

A

pulses

69
Q

Both ventricles ventricle assist pump is called

A

biventricular device

70
Q

Cardiomyoplasty

A
  • a large piece of the patients own skeletal muscle (left latissmus dorsi) is partially freed from connective tissue attachments and wrapped around the heart. this leaves the blood and nerve supply intact
71
Q

Skeletal muscle assist device

A

a piece of patients own skeletal muscle is used to fashion a pouch inserted between the heart and the aorta.
- the functions as a booster heart. this stimulates the muscles motor neurons to elicit contraction

72
Q

fetal blood flow

A
  • 2 umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to placenta
  • 1 umbilical vein carries oxygen and nutrients rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
  • the blood passes from the right atrium to the left via the foramen ovale
  • some blood enters the right ventricle and foes straight to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus

BIOL 1190 COPY I.D (16 decks)

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