Chapter 1 Flashcards
Homeostasis
Normal physiological conditions the body maintains for equilibrium
Smooth muscles
move our organs
Skeletal muscle
is responsible for voluntary movements
Cardiac muscle
only found in the heart and helps the heart beat
Negative feedback loop
Is altered by a stimulus, measured by a receptor which provides information to the control center, which them stimulates effector which causes a response to return to normal physiological conditions
Superior
Another word: cephalic/cranial
- Toward the head or upper part of the structure.
- The heart is superior to the liver when in an anatomical position
Inferior
Another word: caudal
- Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.
- The stomach is inferior to the lungs in anatomical position
Anterior
nearer to or at the front of the body
example: the sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart
Ventral. How is it different in humans and dogs
belly
Posterior
nearer to or at the back of the body
- The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe)
Dorsal. How is it different than humans and dogs.
back.
Medial
Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides)
- The ulna is medial to the radius in anatomical position
Lateral
farther from midline.
- the lungs are lateral to the heart
Intermediate
between two structures
- the transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
- The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
- The ascending and descending colon are contralateral
Proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
- The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius
Distal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
- The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones)
Superficial (external)
Toward or on the surface of the body
- The ribs are superficial to the lungs
Deep (internal)
away from the surface of the body
- The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back
Sagittal plane (midsagittal)
the sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.
Parasagittal plane
A vertical cut that is off-center that is separates the left of the specimen from the right in unequal portions. It does not matter whether it is the left side or the right side that is larger, as long as they are not equal.
Frontal (coronal) plane
This divides the body into the front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections. Movements that occur in the coronal plane are lateral or side-to-side.
Transverse (axial) plane
an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Oblique plane
Cut at an angle. Not at a 90 degree angle.
Anatomy
The study of structures
Physiology
Study of how body parts function
Developmental biology
stages: growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death
Embryology
The first eight weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology. (after first 8 weeks it is called a fetus)
Cell biology
Cellular structure and functions
Histology
microscopic structure of tissues
Gross anatomy
Structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic anatomy
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
Regional anatomy
Specific regions of the body such as the head or the chest
Surface (topographical anatomy)
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)
Imaging anatomy
internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRIs, CT scans and other technologies for clinical analysis and medication intervention. (less invasive than histology)
Clinical anatomy
The application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Pathological anatomy
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
Molecular physiology
functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA
Neurophysiology
Functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
Cardiovascular physiology
functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
Respiratory physiology
Functions of air passageways and lungs
Renal physiology
Function of the kidneys. Ie, filters blood into urine
Exercise phsyiology
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Pathophysiology
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
Levels of structural organization
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- system level
- organismal level
Chemical level of structural organization
all cells have the same information, they just use it differently.
- C
- H
- O
- N
- P
Body cavities
are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
Cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
Vertebral canal
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginning of spinal nerves
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities in the mediastinum
Pleural cavity
a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lung
Pericardial cavity
a potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
Mediastinum
central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from last rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Abdominopelvic cavity
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine, the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is peritoneum
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Serous membranes
Serous membranes are thin double layered membranes that cover the organs inside the thoracic and abdominal cavities (viscera) and also line the walls of the thorax and abdomen
Purpose of serous membranes
They reduce friction.
Between two layers there is a potential space that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid); serous fluid allows the viscera slide somewhat during movements
Visceral membrane
visceral membranes clings to the surface of the organ such as (visceral pleura; to surface of lungs)
Parietal membrane
lines the wall of the organ. example: chest wall.
Retroperitoneal
the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather they are posterior to it
Radiography
a single barrage of x-rays passes through the body, producing an image of interior structures. resulting in two dimensional image is a radiograph.
A radiograph is commonly called…
an x-ray
MRI
the body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field, which causes protons (small positive particles within atoms, such as hydrogen) in body fluids and tissues to arrange themselves in relation to the field. Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns, and a color-coded image is assembled on a video monitor. The result is a two or three dimensional blueprint of cellular chemistry
Which imaging test does not allow metal
MRI
CT scan
In this form of computer assisted radiography, an x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body. The resulting transverse section of the body, called a CT scan, is shown on a video monitor. CT scan is a bunch of xx-rays
What do MRIs show and what are they used to detect
shows fine details for soft tissues but not for bones and are used to detect tumors clogged arteries, reveal brain abnormalities and measure blood flow.
What do CT scans show and what are they used for
visualizes soft tissues and organs with much more detail than conventional radiographs. Screens for lung cancers, CAD, and kidney cancers
Ultrasound
high frequency sound waves produced by handheld wand reflect off body tissues and are detected by the same instrument. Safe and non invasive
Ultrasounds are also used to…
observe the size, location and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels (doppler ultrasound)
Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA scan)
iodine contrast injected into veins, numerous x-ray beams trace an arc around the heart to form a 3D image of the coronary blood vessels. Used to determine coronary artery blockages
Positron emission tomography
substance is injected into the body. The PET scan shows where The injected substance is being used in the body. Example: cancer –> caner cells require sugar, injecting substance and wherever it builds up, it can indicate cancer. Used to study physiology of body structures
Endoscopy
visual examinations with camera
