Chapter 20- The Generation Of Biochemical Energy Flashcards
Biochemical processes
Release energy from food gradually
Stored energy must be in the form that is chemically accessible
The correct amount of heat must be released from biochemical reactions to maintain body temp
Release of energy from storage must occur at a carefully controlled rate
Citric acid cycle
Citrate Isocitrate a-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate
Exergonic reaction
Spontaneous
Negative G value
Free energy of reactants is greater than products
Endergonic reaction
Not spontaneous
Positive G value
Free energy of products is greater than reactants
Low-energy molecules
ADP
CO2
NAD+
FAD
Mitochondrian
Cellular organelle associated with energy production
Spiral metabolic sequence
Same set of enzymes progressively builds up or breaks down a molecule
High-energy molecules
ATP
acetyl-SCoA
NADH
FADH2
Cyclic pathway
Metabolic pathways in which a series of steps using different enzymes, regenerates one of the early reactants
Purpose of Coupling biochemical reactions
Use an exertion if reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
acetyl-coenzyme A
Intermediate breakdown of all classes of food molecules
Carries acetyl groups into common pathways of catabolism
Oxidative phosphorylation
Conversion of ADP to ATP
Both oxidation and phosphorylation
Lactate
Chemical produced from private when it is metabolized in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from amino acids, pyruvate , and other non carbohydrates
Glycolysis
Converts what?
Occurs where?
What is oxidized? Reduced?
Converses of glucose to pyruvate
Pathway followed by glucose when energy is needed
Occurs in cytosol of cells
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
Isomerization
Conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Target molecules for a-amylase
Starch and glycogen
Oxidation reactions
Citrix acid cycle
Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-SCoA
Reaction of reduced coenzymes in the electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Spiral pathway
Metabolic pathway in which molecule is progressively built be repeated interaction with the same set of enzymes
Builds up or breaks down molecule
Conversion into phosphates
Entry of monosaccharides other than glucose into the glycolysis pathway
Pancreatic lipase
Enzymes that hydrolyze lipids
Bile salts
Substances that emulsify lipids
Every turn of the citric acid cycle produces how many molecules of ATP?
One
Fructose classified as
Ketohexose
Galactose
Monosaccharide with component milk sugar
Glycosidic linkage
Glycoproteins are formed by the oligosaccharide binding to a protein through this linkage
Glucose classification
Aldohexose
Glycogenesis
Conversion of glucose to glycogen
Phosphorylation
First step of glycosides, the conversion of glucose to glucose 6- phosphate
1st step of Citric acid cycle
acetyl-SCoA reacts with oxaloacetate to produce citrate which is isomerized to isocitrate in the second step
Oxidation of glucose gives
Gluconic acid
esertification
Formation of acetyl CoA
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized by yeast cells?
Ethanol
During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for?
The end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O
Fermentation
Partial segregation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen
Aerobic respiration
Most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway
NAD+ is recycled from NADH by the transfer of electrons in electron transport chain
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
anaerobic respiration
Some prokaryotes and other substances other than oxygen as reactants in similar process use chemical energy with out oxygen
