Chapter 20 - National Security Policymaking

Question 1

An organization created in 1949 whose members include the United States, Canada, most Western European nations, and Turkey, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all

Answer 1

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question 2

An alliance of the major Western European nations that coordinates monetary, trade, immigration, and labor policies, making its members one economic unit

Answer 2

European Union (EU)

Question 3

The head of the Department of State and traditionally a key adviser to the president on foreign policy

Answer 3

Secretary of State

Question 4

The head of the Department of Defense and the president’s key adviser on military policy; a key foreign policy actor

Answer 4

Secretary of Defense

Question 5

The commanding officers of the armed services who advise the president on military policy

Answer 5

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Question 6

An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well

Answer 6

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Question 7

A foreign policy course followed throughout most of our nation’s history, whereby the United States has tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European wars.

Answer 7

Isolationism

Question 8

A foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, “contain” its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary

Answer 8

Containment doctrine

Question 9

War by other than military means usually emphasizing ideological conflict, such as that between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the 1990s

Answer 9

Cold War

Question 10

The fear, prevalent in the 1950s, that international Communism was conspiratorial, insidious, bent on world domination, and infiltrating American government and cultural institutions.

Answer 10

McCarthyism

Question 11

A tense relationship beginning in the 1950s between the Soviet Union and the United States whereby one side’s weaponry became the other side’s goad to procure more weaponry, and so on

Answer 11

Arms race

Question 12

A slow transformation from conflict thinking to cooperative thinking in foreign policy strategy and policymaking. It sought a relaxation of tensions between the superpowers, coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security

Answer 12

Detente

Question 13

A plan for defense against the Soviet Union unveiled by President Reagan in 1983. Created a global umbrella in space, using computers to scan the skies and high-tech devices to destroy invading missiles

Answer 13

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Question 14

Mutual dependency, in which the action of nations reverberate and affect one another’s economic lifelines

Answer 14

Interdependency

Question 15

A special tax added to imported goods to raise the price, thereby protecting American businesses and workers from foreign competition

Answer 15

Tariff

Question 16

The ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports

Answer 16

Balance of trade

Question 17

An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations

Answer 17

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Question 18

A policy that involves choice-taking, like domestic policy, but additionally involves choices about relations with the rest of the world

Answer 18

Foreign policy

Question 19

Created in 1945, an organization whose members agree to renounce war and to respect certain human and economic freedoms

Answer 19

United Nations (UN)