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microbiology final > chapter 20 - microbial ecosystems > Flashcards

chapter 20 - microbial ecosystems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecosystem

A

sum of all organisms and abiotic properties

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2
Q

Habitat

A

where community could reside in ecosystem

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3
Q

Population

A

group of microorganisms of the same species

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4
Q

Community

A

consists of populations living with other populations

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5
Q

Microbial diversity

A

richness vs. abundance

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6
Q

Species richness

A

total number of different species

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7
Q

Species abundance

A

proportion of each species in an ecosystem

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8
Q

Resources

A

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

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9
Q

Conditions

A

temperature, pH, O2 levels, light

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10
Q

Guilds

A

metabolically related microbial populations

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11
Q

Niche

A

habitat shared by a guild

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12
Q

Biogeochemistry

A

study of biologically mediated chemical transformations

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13
Q

Biochemical cycle

A

defines transformation of key element by biological/chemical agents

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14
Q

Fundamental niche

A

full range of environmental conditions where organism can exist

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15
Q

Prime/realized niche

A

each organism has at least one, where it is most successful

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16
Q

Microenvironment

A

immediate environment surrounding of microbial cell
is always changing, hence wide range of conditions

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17
Q

When can metabolic cooperation be seen?

A

when organisms carry out complementary metabolisms (syntrophy)

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18
Q

Why are surfaces important for microbial habitats?

A
  • offer great access to nutrients
  • protection from predators
  • offers cell to stay in favourable habitat, not get washed away
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19
Q

Biofilms

A
  • assemblage of bacterial cells on surface, in adhesive matrix
  • helps trap nutrients for microbial growth
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20
Q

What is the matrix made up of in biofilms?

A

mixture of polysaccharides

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21
Q

What are the implications of biofilms?

A
  1. self defense: resists antibodies
  2. medical/dental conditions: kidney stones, strep, plaques on teeth
  3. slow flow of liquids
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22
Q

Microbial Mats

A

simply thick biofilms built by phototropic bacteria, containing filamentous cyanobacterias.

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23
Q

Mineral soil

A

rock weathering and inorganic material

24
Q

Organic soil

A

sedimentation in bogs/marshes

25
Q

O Horizon

A

undecomposed plant material

26
Q

A Horizon

A

most microbial growth, rich organic mat with lots of nutrients

27
Q

B Horizon

A

little microbial activity, subsoil with a tad of nutrients from A horizon

28
Q

C Horizon

A

directly above bedrock

29
Q

What is the soil mainly composed of in microenvironment?

A

water and air: 50%
inorganic matter: 40%
organic matter: 5%
micro/macroorganisms: 5%

30
Q

How is soil formed?

A
  • CO2 formed by respiring organisms
  • freezing + thawing breaks apart rocks, allowing roots to penetrate
31
Q

Rhizosphere

A

area around plant roots where secrete sugars

32
Q

Arid soils

A

dry, limited plant growth
in extreme temepratures, of low water and variable temperatures will slowly form

33
Q

Biological soil crust

A

made up of cyanobacteria
use 16s rRNA gene sequencing to see phylogenetic samplings

34
Q

Terrestrial subsurfaces

A

lower than cell surface, grows in extremely nutrient-limited environments
microbial diversity is seen in shallow subsurface areas

35
Q

Freshwater

A

highly variable in resources and conditions since photosynthesis and respiration work together to control O2 and CO2

36
Q

What are the oxygenic phototrophs in freshwater and what do they produce?

A

algae and cyanobacteria
produce: oxygen and organic material

37
Q

Planktonic

A

free floating

38
Q

Benthic

A

attached to bottom or sides

39
Q

What depends on activity of primary producers?

A

heterotrophic microbes in aquatic systems

40
Q

Does water have limited solubility in water?

A

yes

41
Q

What are the three stratification of water columns in lake, what temperature do they have as well as oxygen and sulfur levels?

A
  1. Epilimnion: warm, not dense, 24-20ºC, O2: 12-10mg/l, H2S: 0mg/l
  2. Hypolimnion: cooler, dense, 8-4ºC, O2: 4-0mg/l, H2S: 6-5 mg/l
  3. Thermocline: zone separating both, 20-8ºC, O2: 10-4mg/l, H2S: 0mg/l
42
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand

A

microbial oxygen consuming capacity
(when NO3 goes up, cyanobacteria go up, they bring NO3 levels down)

43
Q

Phylogenetic sampling

A

16s rRNA gene sequencing

44
Q

What are the differences between marine and freshwater environments?

A
  1. saline
  2. low in nutrients
  3. cooler
  4. lower in microbial activity
45
Q

Oxygen minimum zone

A

regions where oxygen-depleted waters at intermediate depth

46
Q

Marine dead zone

A

a reduced level of oxygen in the water

47
Q

What is seen on top layer of ocean but not bottom?

A

Phototrophs and nutrients

48
Q

What is the major marine phototroph and what does it account for?

A

Prochlorococcus, accounts for >40% of biomass and 50% of net primary production.

49
Q

What happens to pelagic bacteria?

A

The deeper you go, bacteria levels will decrease, and archaea levels will rise, resulting in equal amounts of bacteria and archaea.

50
Q

Pelagibacter

A

Most abundant marine heterotroph

51
Q

Proteorhodopsin

A

captures light energy to drive ATP synthesis

52
Q

What is most abundant in pelagic marine

A

viruses, bacteriophages

53
Q

How must viruses/bacterias be in deep sea?

A

must be chemotrophic since there is low temp, and nutrient levels, and high pressure and no light

54
Q

How are deep sea sediments harvested?

A

by drilling ocean floor

55
Q

What are the two types of hydrothermal vents?

A

warm vents: cold water under, smoke less hot
hot vents: extremely hot, black smoke

56
Q

What dominates in vents?

A

Chemolithotrophic bacteria
as they use inorganic materials from vents
(thermophiles and hyperthermophiles also present)
more diversity in bacteria than archaea.

microbiology final (20 decks)

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