Chapter 20: IR Flashcards
Anesthetics
1st used drug that prevented pain during surgery
Enclosure
Taking over and consolidating peasant land
Improved Farming Methods: what are they?
Fertilizer used to renew soil
Soil types mixed to produce more crops
Crop rotation
Seed drill invented
Improved Farming Methods: How did they make things easier/better
There was a bigger production of crops and more profit.
Improved Farming Methods: How did it fuel the IR?
The population increased and there were enclosures causing many peasants to lose land and their jobs. Many people went to cities to find new jobs. ( Supply and Demand)
Jethro Tull: What did he invent?
He invented seed drill to plant crops in a row.
Jethro Tull: How did the seed drill make farming easier?
He allowed more crop production and and more profit. It planted crops in a row.
Population increase during IR. Why?
The increase of food meant that people ate better->stay healthier. There was better sanitation and hygiene meaning less disease.
James Watt: what did he invent? Why was it significant?
Steam engine, it becomes key power source of IR
Iron Industry’s: what improvements in production iron lead to?
Allowed Iron to be produced faster and cheaper. 1st iron bridge introduced.
Enterprise
Business ventures
Capital
Money
Turnpike
Toll roads
Entrepreneur
Assume financial risk/reward of starting new business
Why Britain? What advantages did they have in leading the IR
Geography. Natural Ports Navigable rivers Access to sea Abundant natural resources Supportive Gov't
Why Britain? Navigable rivers?
Allowed construction of canals and better trade
Why Britain: Access to sea?
Easy to establish travel and communication network. Transporting goods relatively cheap
Why Britain: Abundant Natural Resources?
Plenty coal deposit
High concentration of iron
Why Britain: Supportive Government?
Strong navy
No tolls on travel
What industry did the IR 1st take hold?
Textile industry
Putting-out-system: What was it?
Raw cotton distributed to peasants who spun it into thread and weave thread into clothes at their own homes.
Putting-out-system: How/why did it end?
New inventions
Spinning Jenny: what did it do and how did they advance the IR
Spun many threads at the same time. Sped up cotton production
Flying Shuttle: what did it do? How did it advance the IR?
Enabled weaver to work faster. Sped up cloth production
Eli Whitney: what did he invent what did it do? How did it change things?
Cotton Gin, separates seed from raw cotton. Cotton production sky rocketed and factories were born.
Railroads: how did they help. Advantages?
Allowed people and goods to travel faster in places w/o water
Canals: how did they help? Advantages?
Factories needed fast and cheap way of importing coal and raw materials
1st Rail Line?
Liverpool to Manchester
Urbanization
Movement of people to cities
Tenements
Multistory apartment building. Very small and families lived in them.
Industrial Middle Class
Merchants who invested in factories. Invented technology. “Rags To Riches”. No sympathy for poor. Furnished homes and fancy clothes. Kids had an education.
Industrial working Class
Poor. Lived in tenements with no running water, sewage, sanitation. Contaminated drinking water spread disease. Children worked
Harsh conditions in factories and mines.
Rigid schedules: 12-16 hrs a day 6/7 days a week. No breaks unless they had permission. No safety devices. Lung damage in textile mills.
Child labor: Textile mills
Change spools of thread and repair broken pieces. Small and could fit in tight places.
Child labor: mines
Open/close air vents, haul coal carts, fit tight places
Factory acts: what were they? Who were they supposed to help
Help children by reducing the hours they worked to “only” 12 hrs. The law was never really enforced
Luddites
Labor organization that resented being replaced by machines and rioted
Methodism: who founded it?
John Wesley
Methodism: what were its teachings and for what class were they intended?
Intended for Industrial working class. Stressed personal sense of faith and improve by adopting moral and sober ways.
Results of IR? Blessing?
New factories +jobs
Wages rose
Railroad/steamships
Rise of population
Results of IR: curse?
Farmers kicked off land Workers exploited -long hours -horrible working conditions -child labor
Utilitarianism
Laws should be judged by whether they bring more pleasure than pain. “The greatest happiness for the greater number”
Socialism
People as a whole, not private individuals, own means of production.
Communism
Classless society where all means of production is owed by community.
Thomas Malthus: who was he? What did he believe?
British economists. Poverty was unavoidable. Only that could stop it is war, disease and famine. Believes proven wrong.
Laissez-Faire
Government has “Hands-off” approach
David Ricardo: What did he write and what did it say?
Iron Laws of Wages: wage increase would not help poor families instead encourage them to have more kids
Jeremy Bentham: what did he believe?
Utilitarianism
Karl Marx and Fredric Engels: writing, beliefs, thoughts
Communist Manifesto: Communism. Society was battle between Haves and Have Nots
Proletariat:
Haves nots. industrial working class
Bourgeoisie
Haves-Industrial middle class
Proletariat vs Bourgeoisie: who did Marx think would win?
Proletariat would take control of society
Subsistence Farming
To grow enough food for themselves and their families, but not enough to sell
