Chapter 20 Colonial policy and administration Flashcards
What hopes rested on the Empire in 1950’s
future prosperity of Britain lay in trade with the Empire and Commonwealth
important role of the empire in re- establishing Great Power status
Objectives of colonial administration after 1950
No longer just keeping order and balancing budgets but also raising colonial production and modernise economies at speed.
How did the administration meet the new objectives?
Rapid improvements in agriculture as well as steps towards industrialisation
What is this new form of administration also knows as?
economic colonialsm
Effect of economic colonialism on representation of natives?
Less power in the hands of traditional native leaders
Kenya and Rhodesia
How did the British manage decolonialsation in their term?
Gradual stepping stones towards independence such as legislative assemblies in the Gold Coast, Nigeria, Central African Federation, Kenya, Malaya
-1946 Burns Constitution G.C
“Winds of change” speech
Given by PM Harold Macmillan in Cape Town
1960
Interpretation of the “winds of change” speech
suggests change in Conservative thinking, British willingness to withdraw from their colonies
Define Arab League
an organisation of North African and Middle Eastern Arab countries formed in 1945
What did the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty state?
1936
official end of the Egyptian occupation
20-years military alliance with 10.000 soldiers in the Suez area
British ambassador in Egypt
unpopular in Egypt
When did King Farouk renounce the anglo-Egyptian Treaty?
1951, proclaiming himself King of Sudan
When was the Wafd government overthrown?
In January 1952 led by Colonel Nasser
When and what did the British negotiate with Nasser?
1954
phased withdrawal of troops from Suez Canal Zone over 20 months
What did the negotiations with Nasser reflect ?
British desire for good relations and financial difficulties
Britain could not afford to fortify the Suez garrisons sufficiently
What did Nasser offer the British in return for their concessions?
free access to the Canal
maintenance of former military bases in operational condition
repspect independence of the Suez Canal Company
Baghdad Pact
1955 repelling any Soviet threat in the Middle East
Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, Britain and Persia
When did Nasser make himself President of Egypt
June 1956
Nassers goals
establish Egypt as a leading power in the Middle East
build the Aswan High Dam
When did the western allies (US, Britain and the World Bank) announce their withdrawal of financial funding for the Dam?
July 1956
When was the Suez Canal Company nationalised
16 July 1956
What was the “Protocol of Sevres”
Secret plan to invade Egypt
How was the invasion staged?
29 October - Israel attacks Egypt
1 November - France and Britain invade Suez Canal Zone as Peacekeepers
24 December - British and French troops depart Egypt
Reaction of the US on the war?
Condemned the war, demanded withdrawal, sold pound reserves in currency crisis,
US only source of oil for Britain as the Canal was blocked, low Dollar reserves
Consequences of the Suez crisis
- Britain could never again act without consolidation of the US
- Showed nationalist movements that British could be defeated
- questioned the credibility of holding onto colonies in Africa
- dispelled the notion that Britain could control its retreat from Empire
Turman Doctrine
March 1947, 400$ million for Turkey and Greece to resist communist subjugation, determination to act as a global leader and end isolationism
Effect of the Cold War on British/American relations
^America turned a blind eye on the revival of British imperialism in order to resist communist advances
even financing it by low interest loans
Americas way of preventing communist expansion
Building up countries as stable and economically prosperous areas dependent on American loans- Greece and Turkey-Truman doctrine
Marshall Plan
a programme of US economic aid for the reconstruction of post-Second World War from Europe 1948 to 1952
How much was given to Britain with the Marshall Aid?
$3.3bn
Examples for British reliance on American leadership
financial and military reliance
financial (Marshall Plan, pressure to end the Suez invasion)
military (SEATO and NATO)
When was the EEC founded?
1957
Final withdrawal of British troops
PM Harold Wilson - 1968
Essay structure
Case studies
Africa, Egypt, Commonwealth and international relations
Africa key summary
maximising economic value but also allowing some representation
Egypt key summary
Case study to show empire in a nutshell
- Desire to retain good connections (Anglo-Egyptian Treaty)
- loss of superpower status
- retreat from colonies
International Relations key summary
- diminishing importance (EEC and NATO)
- increasing dependence on the US (financial and militarily)
Key summary Commonwealth
- way of surrendering costs of formal rule
- retaining some influence
idealistic purpose
