Chapter 20 Colonial policy and administration

Question 1

What hopes rested on the Empire in 1950’s

Answer 1

future prosperity of Britain lay in trade with the Empire and Commonwealth

important role of the empire in re- establishing Great Power status

Question 2

Objectives of colonial administration after 1950

Answer 2

No longer just keeping order and balancing budgets but also raising colonial production and modernise economies at speed.

Question 3

How did the administration meet the new objectives?

Answer 3

Rapid improvements in agriculture as well as steps towards industrialisation

Question 4

What is this new form of administration also knows as?

Answer 4

economic colonialsm

Question 5

Effect of economic colonialism on representation of natives?

Answer 5

Less power in the hands of traditional native leaders

Kenya and Rhodesia

Question 6

How did the British manage decolonialsation in their term?

Answer 6

Gradual stepping stones towards independence such as legislative assemblies in the Gold Coast, Nigeria, Central African Federation, Kenya, Malaya

-1946 Burns Constitution G.C

Question 7

“Winds of change” speech

Answer 7

Given by PM Harold Macmillan in Cape Town

1960

Question 8

Interpretation of the “winds of change” speech

Answer 8

suggests change in Conservative thinking, British willingness to withdraw from their colonies

Question 9

Define Arab League

Answer 9

an organisation of North African and Middle Eastern Arab countries formed in 1945

Question 10

What did the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty state?

Answer 10

1936

official end of the Egyptian occupation

20-years military alliance with 10.000 soldiers in the Suez area

British ambassador in Egypt

unpopular in Egypt

Question 11

When did King Farouk renounce the anglo-Egyptian Treaty?

Answer 11

1951, proclaiming himself King of Sudan

Question 12

When was the Wafd government overthrown?

Answer 12

In January 1952 led by Colonel Nasser

Question 13

When and what did the British negotiate with Nasser?

Answer 13

1954

phased withdrawal of troops from Suez Canal Zone over 20 months

Question 14

What did the negotiations with Nasser reflect ?

Answer 14

British desire for good relations and financial difficulties

Britain could not afford to fortify the Suez garrisons sufficiently

Question 15

What did Nasser offer the British in return for their concessions?

Answer 15

free access to the Canal

maintenance of former military bases in operational condition

repspect independence of the Suez Canal Company

Question 16

Baghdad Pact

Answer 16

1955 repelling any Soviet threat in the Middle East

Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, Britain and Persia

Question 17

When did Nasser make himself President of Egypt

Answer 17

June 1956

Question 18

Nassers goals

Answer 18

establish Egypt as a leading power in the Middle East

build the Aswan High Dam

Question 19

When did the western allies (US, Britain and the World Bank) announce their withdrawal of financial funding for the Dam?

Answer 19

July 1956

Question 20

When was the Suez Canal Company nationalised

Answer 20

16 July 1956

Question 21

What was the “Protocol of Sevres”

Answer 21

Secret plan to invade Egypt

Question 22

How was the invasion staged?

Answer 22

29 October - Israel attacks Egypt

1 November - France and Britain invade Suez Canal Zone as Peacekeepers

24 December - British and French troops depart Egypt

Question 23

Reaction of the US on the war?

Answer 23

Condemned the war, demanded withdrawal, sold pound reserves in currency crisis,

US only source of oil for Britain as the Canal was blocked, low Dollar reserves

Question 24

Consequences of the Suez crisis

Answer 24

• Britain could never again act without consolidation of the US
• Showed nationalist movements that British could be defeated
• questioned the credibility of holding onto colonies in Africa
• dispelled the notion that Britain could control its retreat from Empire

Question 25

Turman Doctrine

Answer 25

March 1947, 400$ million for Turkey and Greece to resist communist subjugation, determination to act as a global leader and end isolationism

Question 26

Effect of the Cold War on British/American relations

Answer 26

^America turned a blind eye on the revival of British imperialism in order to resist communist advances

even financing it by low interest loans

Question 27

Americas way of preventing communist expansion

Answer 27

Building up countries as stable and economically prosperous areas dependent on American loans- Greece and Turkey-Truman doctrine

Question 28

Marshall Plan

Answer 28

a programme of US economic aid for the reconstruction of post-Second World War from Europe 1948 to 1952

Question 29

How much was given to Britain with the Marshall Aid?

Answer 29

$3.3bn

Question 30

Examples for British reliance on American leadership

Answer 30

financial and military reliance

financial (Marshall Plan, pressure to end the Suez invasion)

military (SEATO and NATO)

Question 31

When was the EEC founded?

Answer 31

1957

Question 32

Final withdrawal of British troops

Answer 32

PM Harold Wilson - 1968

Question 33

Essay structure

Answer 33

Case studies

Africa, Egypt, Commonwealth and international relations

Question 34

Africa key summary

Answer 34

maximising economic value but also allowing some representation

Question 35

Egypt key summary

Answer 35

Case study to show empire in a nutshell

• Desire to retain good connections (Anglo-Egyptian Treaty)
• loss of superpower status
• retreat from colonies

Question 36

International Relations key summary

Answer 36

• diminishing importance (EEC and NATO)
• increasing dependence on the US (financial and militarily)

Question 37

Key summary Commonwealth

Answer 37

• way of surrendering costs of formal rule
• retaining some influence

idealistic purpose