Chapter 16 Attitudes to Empire - role of individuals (not necessary) Flashcards
Where and when did Ghandi start his career?
As a lawyer in South Africa, practising for 20 years (before 1893)
When did Ghandi return to India and which role did he take?
1915 as President of the Indian National Congress
Which activities established Ghandi as national figure?
- 1917/18 he championed the downtrodden indingo workers (Bihar)
- mediated in a textile industry dispute
- dispute over land taxes in Gujarat
When did Ghandi’s campaigns for full independence begin?
After the 1919 Amritsar Massacre
What did Ghandi organise in the following years?
- Non-Cooperation Movement 1920
- anti-salt tax campaign 1930
- Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-1931
- Quit India Movement 1942
Why and when was Ghandi assassinated?
1948 by a militant Hindu nationalist who accused him of showing a bias for Muslims (unjustly)
“Hind Swaraj”
Home Rule for India
Ghandis beliefs (5)
- Hind Swaraj expressed in 1909
- favoured peaceful resistance (satyagraha)
- harmonious relations between Hindus and Muslims
- rejected social divisions such as the caste system
- independent India based on its spiritual and social traditions
“stayagraha”
“insistence in the truth”
peaceful protest
“hartals”
strikes
“swadeshi”
boycotts
Ghandi’s importance
- His actions made it difficult for the British to respond
- British saw themselves as peaceful, democratic people
- Moral conflict by breaking up the non-violent protests such as anti-salt tax campaign
- embarrasing for the British that ultimately their rule rested not on benign methods
Anti Salt Tax campaign
1930, 24days march to Dandi, Ghandi and 80.000 arrested
When and how was the Colonial Office split?
1925 responding to the changed circumstances
Dominions Office and Colonial Office
Concept of trusteeship
colonies were to be ruled in a way that looked after the interests of the indigenous peoples
economic development should benefit the indigenous
Concept of Dual Mandate
colonial power had a double responsibility : to the colonial population material and moral advancement
to the outside world the development and exploitation of the natural resources
Hierachy for the colonies
- Secretary of State for the Colonies, India and Dominion
- Permanent officials in Whitehall
- Administrative services in the colonies
When were the colonial services unified?
1930
What was the effect of the unification of colonial services?
Quality of administrators improved, as individuals were no longer directly appointed to individual colonial governments
Who argued in favour of “trusteeship”
1927 in a White Paper written by Leo Amery
Sir Edward Hilton Young
Who argued for “dual mandate”
1931 Lord Passfield
What was the ratio of natives to white British in the Indian Civil Service by 1945
More Indians than white British
Edwin Montagu. Secretary of State for India 1917-22
Government of India Act 1919, limited degree of political representation
Sir Harry Haig, colonial administrator in India,
opponent of Ghandi’s independence movement, describing him as “menace”
Lord Linlithgow, Viceroy 1935-45
promoted further Indian enfranchisement with Government of India Act in 1935, further reforms to weaken the nationalists, opponent of Ghandi
Sir Donald Cameron, Governor of Nigeria 1931-35
believed in trusteeship, promoted the export of ground nuts, palm oil in Nigeria
build harbours and railways in Tanganiyka
Sir Phillip Mitchell
Fulfilled trusteeship principle in Uganda 1935 by extending Makerere College
