Chapter 16 Attitudes to Empire - role of individuals (not necessary) Flashcards

1
Q

Where and when did Ghandi start his career?

A

As a lawyer in South Africa, practising for 20 years (before 1893)

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2
Q

When did Ghandi return to India and which role did he take?

A

1915 as President of the Indian National Congress

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3
Q

Which activities established Ghandi as national figure?

A
  • 1917/18 he championed the downtrodden indingo workers (Bihar)
  • mediated in a textile industry dispute
  • dispute over land taxes in Gujarat
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4
Q

When did Ghandi’s campaigns for full independence begin?

A

After the 1919 Amritsar Massacre

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5
Q

What did Ghandi organise in the following years?

A
  • Non-Cooperation Movement 1920
  • anti-salt tax campaign 1930
  • Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-1931
  • Quit India Movement 1942
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6
Q

Why and when was Ghandi assassinated?

A

1948 by a militant Hindu nationalist who accused him of showing a bias for Muslims (unjustly)

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7
Q

“Hind Swaraj”

A

Home Rule for India

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8
Q

Ghandis beliefs (5)

A
  • Hind Swaraj expressed in 1909
  • favoured peaceful resistance (satyagraha)
  • harmonious relations between Hindus and Muslims
  • rejected social divisions such as the caste system
  • independent India based on its spiritual and social traditions
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9
Q

“stayagraha”

A

“insistence in the truth”
peaceful protest

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10
Q

“hartals”

A

strikes

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11
Q

“swadeshi”

A

boycotts

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12
Q

Ghandi’s importance

A
  • His actions made it difficult for the British to respond
  • British saw themselves as peaceful, democratic people
  • Moral conflict by breaking up the non-violent protests such as anti-salt tax campaign
  • embarrasing for the British that ultimately their rule rested not on benign methods
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13
Q

Anti Salt Tax campaign

A

1930, 24days march to Dandi, Ghandi and 80.000 arrested

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14
Q

When and how was the Colonial Office split?

A

1925 responding to the changed circumstances

Dominions Office and Colonial Office

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15
Q

Concept of trusteeship

A

colonies were to be ruled in a way that looked after the interests of the indigenous peoples

economic development should benefit the indigenous

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16
Q

Concept of Dual Mandate

A

colonial power had a double responsibility : to the colonial population material and moral advancement

to the outside world the development and exploitation of the natural resources

17
Q

Hierachy for the colonies

A
  1. Secretary of State for the Colonies, India and Dominion
  2. Permanent officials in Whitehall
  3. Administrative services in the colonies
18
Q

When were the colonial services unified?

19
Q

What was the effect of the unification of colonial services?

A

Quality of administrators improved, as individuals were no longer directly appointed to individual colonial governments

20
Q

Who argued in favour of “trusteeship”

A

1927 in a White Paper written by Leo Amery

Sir Edward Hilton Young

21
Q

Who argued for “dual mandate”

A

1931 Lord Passfield

22
Q

What was the ratio of natives to white British in the Indian Civil Service by 1945

A

More Indians than white British

23
Q

Edwin Montagu. Secretary of State for India 1917-22

A

Government of India Act 1919, limited degree of political representation

24
Q

Sir Harry Haig, colonial administrator in India,

A

opponent of Ghandi’s independence movement, describing him as “menace”

25
Lord Linlithgow, Viceroy 1935-45
promoted further Indian enfranchisement with Government of India Act in 1935, further reforms to weaken the nationalists, opponent of Ghandi
26
Sir Donald Cameron, Governor of Nigeria 1931-35
believed in trusteeship, promoted the export of ground nuts, palm oil in Nigeria build harbours and railways in Tanganiyka
27
Sir Phillip Mitchell
Fulfilled trusteeship principle in Uganda 1935 by extending Makerere College