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Anatomy and Physiology II > chapter 20: cardiovascular system - the heart > Flashcards

chapter 20: cardiovascular system - the heart Flashcards

1
Q

_____ are the receiving chambers of the heart

A

atria

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2
Q

_____ is the collection of tissue that surrounds the heart

A

pericardium

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3
Q

_____ is the fluid-filled space around the heart

A

pericardial cavity

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4
Q

_____ supply blood to the heart wall

A

coronary vessels

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5
Q

_____ are the large pumping chambers of the heart

A

ventricles

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6
Q

what are the functions of the heart

A

1) generates blood pressure by way of heart contractions

2) routes blood: separates pulmonary and systemic circulations

3) ensures one-way blood flow using valves

4) regulates blood supply by changing heart rate and force of contraction depending on metabolic needs of tissues

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7
Q

right side pumps blood through _____ circulation to lungs; blood returns to left side

A

pulmonary

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8
Q

left side pumps blood through _____ circulation to tissues; blood returns to right side of the heart

A

systemic

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9
Q

apex

A

blunt rounded point of cone

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10
Q

base

A

flat part at the superior end of the heart

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11
Q

where is the heart located?

A

obliquely in mediastinum of thoracic cavity with apex directed to its left so that 2/3 of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the sternal midline

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12
Q

pericardium (pericardial sac) consists of what two layers?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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13
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough, fibrous, outer layer; prevents over-distention and acts as an anchor

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14
Q

serous pericardium

A

thin, transparent, inner layer; consists two layers of simple squamous epithelium - parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

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15
Q

parietal pericardium

A

lines fibrous pericardium (outer layer)

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16
Q

visceral pericardium

A

epicardium; covers heart surface

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17
Q

pericardium layers are continuous and have a _____ between them filled with _____

A

pericardial cavity; pericardial fluid

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18
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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19
Q

epicardium

A

visceral pericardium; serous membrane and smooth outer surface of the heart

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20
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer; composed of cardiac muscle and responsible for the heart contracting

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21
Q

endocardium

A

smooth inner surface of the heart chambers

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22
Q

pectinate muscles

A

muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall

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23
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

muscular ridges and columns on the inside walls of ventricles

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24
Q

auricles

A

extensions of atria

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25
Q

blood enters the heart through what structures?

A

superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), pulmonary veins

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26
Q

blood leaves ventricles through what structures?

A

pulmonary trunk and aorta

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27
Q

surface grooves

A

where coronary vessels lies

example: coronary sulcus, anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

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28
Q

left coronary artery

A

exits aorta just superior to where aorta leaves heart

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29
Q

what are the three major branches of the left coronary artery?

A

anterior interventricular artery, left marginal artery, circumflex artery

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30
Q

anterior interventricular artery

A

left anterior descending artery in anterior interventricular sulcus; supplies blood to anterior part of the heart

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31
Q

left marginal artery

A

supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle

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32
Q

circumflex artery

A

extends to the posterior side of the heart; supplies blood to the posterior wall of the heart

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33
Q

right coronary artery

A

exits aorta just superior to where aorta exits heart and lies in coronary sulcus; is smaller then the left and extends to the posterior aspect of the heart

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34
Q

what are the two major branches of the right coronary artery?

A

posterior interventricular artery ad right marginal artery

35
Q

posterior interventricular artery

A

lies in posterior interventricular sulcus; supplies blood to the superior and inferior aspects of the heart

36
Q

right marginal artery

A

supplies blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle

37
Q

anastomoses

A

direct connections between arteries

38
Q

coronary circulation of arteries

A

blood flow is not continuous; vessels are compressed when the heart contract so blood flow is diminished, and blood flow resumes when cardiac muscle relaxes

39
Q

coronary circulation of veins

A

great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, coronary sinus

several small veins drain the rest of the heart

40
Q

great cardiac vein

A

drains blood from the left side of the heart

41
Q

small cardiac vein

A

drains right margin of the heart

42
Q

coronary sinus

A

veins empty here and then into the right atrium

43
Q

what are the four heart chambers?

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

44
Q

right atrium

A

consist of three openings that receive blood returning from the body and heart

*oxygen-poor blood

45
Q

what are the three openings of the right atrium?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

46
Q

left atrium

A

consists of four openings that receive blood returning from the lungs

*oxygen-rich blood

47
Q

what are the four openings of the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

48
Q

interatrial septum

A

wall between atria

49
Q

fossa ovalis

A

remnant of foramen ovale on the right side of interatrial septum

50
Q

foramen ovale

A

fetal opening between atria

51
Q

atrioventricular canals

A

openings between atria and ventricles

52
Q

right ventricle

A

opens to the pulmonary trunk; oxygen-poor blood

53
Q

left ventricle

A

opens to the aorta; oxygen-rich blood

54
Q

interventricular septum

A

wall between ventricles

55
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

ensures one-way flow of blood from the atria into the ventricles, preventing blood from flowing back into the atria (regurgitation)

each has leaf-like cusps attached to cone-shaped papillary muscles by chordae tendineae (heartstrings)

56
Q

right atrioventricular valve

A

tricuspid (three cusps)

57
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

bicuspid or mitral (two cusps)

58
Q

blood flowing from the atria into the ventricles pushes AV valves _____

59
Q

contraction of ventricles pushes blood up to _____ AV valves

60
Q

semilunar (SL) valves

A

right is pulmonary while left is aortic

each cusp is shaped like a cup

61
Q

when cusps are filled, the semilunar valve is ____

62
Q

when cusps are empty, the semilunar valve is _____

63
Q

blood pushing out of the ventricles (contraction) _____ the SL valves

64
Q

as ventricles relax, backflow of blood on cusps _____ SL valves

65
Q

blood flow through the heart

A

superior and inferior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries - lung tissue - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aorta

66
Q

heart skeleton

A

plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles that forms fibrous rings around the valves for support

electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles and is a site for muscle attachment

67
Q

cardiac muscle

A

elongated, branched cells containing one two two nuclei

68
Q

cardiac muscle features

A

striations (actin and myosin myofilaments), slower and less powerful contractions (in comparison to skeletal muscle), sarcoplasmic reticulum, large transverse tubules near Z discs, rich in mitochondria (aerobic respiration dependent), extensive capillary network

69
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores calcium, with no dilated cisternae, and is less regular in arrangement than skeletal muscle

70
Q

_____ must diffuse a greater distance from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the actin myofilaments

71
Q

cardiac muscle requires calcium from _____ and _____

A

extracellular fluid; t-tubules

72
Q

contractile cells

A

responsible for contraction

73
Q

pacemaker cells

A

non-contractile and spontaneously depolarize; initiate depolarization of the entire heat without the need of nervous system stimulation

74
Q

refractory period in cardiac muscles

A

longer to prevent tetanic contractions and allow the time for the ventricles to fill

75
Q

intercalated discs

A

specialized cell-to-cell contact and interdigitation of plasma membranes

76
Q

desmosomes

A

hold cells together

77
Q

gap junctions

A

allow cytoplasm to flow freely between cells, allowing action potentials to move from one cell to the next

78
Q

functional syncytium

A

cardiac muscles of atria and ventricles behaves as a single electrical unit

79
Q

intrinsic conduction system

A

relays action potentials through the heart and consists of modified cardiac muscles cells that form two nodes and a conducting bundle

80
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

medial to the opening of the superior vena cava

known as the pacemaker; cardiac muscle cells that generate spontaneous action potentials that pass to atrial muscles and the atrioventricular node

81
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

medial to the right atrioventricular valve

conducts action potentials more slowly than any other part of the system and ensures ventricles receive the signal to contract after the atria contracts

82
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

passes through a hole in fibrous skeleton to reach the interventricular septum where it divides to form the right and left bundle branches

83
Q

right and left bundle branches

A

extend beneath the endocardium to the apex of the right and left ventricles

84
Q

purkinje fibers

A

large diameter cardiac muscle fibers with fewer myofibrils and many gap junctions

conduct action potentials to ventricular muscle cells

Anatomy and Physiology II (7 decks)

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