Chapter 20: Alteration of Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two primary mechanisms that cause increase or decrease in hormone levels?

A

Inappropriate amount of hormone delivered by target cells and inappropriate response by target cell

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2
Q

What is the most common cause for hypothalamic dysfunction and what are some examples in what causes it?

A

Damage to the pituitary stalk caused by lesion, head injury, surgical procedure, and tumor

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3
Q

What happens as a result of inadequate hypothalamic hormone?

A

The body produces inadequate pituitary hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, and GH

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4
Q

What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and what is the common cause?

A

A hypersecretion of ADH commonly caused by ectopic production of ADH by tumors, pulmonary or CNS disorders, surgery and medications

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5
Q

What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A

A hyposecretion of ADH leading to a high loss of free water into the urine

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6
Q

What is the difference between Neurogenic (central) DI and Nephrogenic DI?

A

Neurogenic is an inadequate secretion of ADH while Nephrogenic is an inadequate response to ADH

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7
Q

What is Hypopituitarism and what is the most common cause?

A

The absence of one or more anterior pituitary hormones or the complete failure of all anterior pituitary hormones. Most common cause is pituitary infarction or lesions

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8
Q

What is Hyperpituitarism and what is the most common cause?

A

The hypersecretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary usually caused by a slow growing pituitary adenoma or tumor

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9
Q

There are two forms of hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH): acromegaly and giantism. What is the difference?

A

Acromegaly is hypersecretion of GH during adulthood while Giantism is hypersecretion in children and adolescents whole epiphysial plates have not closed

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10
Q

What is prolactinoma?

A

Hypersecretion of prolactin from tumors or prolactinomas that secrete prolactin

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11
Q

What is Primary thyroid disorders?

A

Dysfunction or disease of the thyroid resulting in either an increase or decrease in TH

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12
Q

What is Central (secondary) thyroid disorders?

A

Disorders of the pituitary glands TSH production

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13
Q

What is Thyrotoxicosis and how is it caused?

A

A condition that results from any cause of increased TH levels, can be caused by dysfunction of pituitary, thyroid gland, ectopic thyroid tissue or ingestion of TH medication

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14
Q

What is hyperthyroidism and what is primary and secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism is an excess amount of TH, primary is thyroid gland dysfunction caused by graves disease, secondary is caused by TSH secreting pituitary adenomas (tumors)

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15
Q

Describe Graves disease

A

Autoimmune disease caused by stimulation of thyroid by autoantibodies against TSH receptors. Might experience pretibial myxedema

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16
Q

What is pretibial myxedema?

A

Subcutaneous swelling on the anterior portion of the legs and erythematous skin

17
Q

What is Thyrotoxic crisis?

A

Life threatening worsening of the thyrotoxic state which TH levels rise dramatically

18
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A

Deficient production of TH by the thyroid gland and is the most common disorder of thyroid

19
Q

Describe primary and central (secondary) hypothyroidism?

A

Primary is loss of thyroid function most common cause is Hashimoto disease, secondary is pituitary failure to synthesize TSH most common cause is pituitary adenomas (tumor)

20
Q

What is myxedema coma?

A

Medical emergency characterized by diminished consciousness due to severe hypothyroidism

21
Q

What is Hashimoto disease and is it related to primary or secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune disease causing destruction of thyroid tissue, is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism

22
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid tissue absence or hereditary defects in TH synthesis

23
Q

What is Thyroid carcinoma?

A

Most common endocrine malignancy, ionizing radiation is the most common cause

24
Q

What is Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and is classified with primary, secondary, and tertiary

25
Q

What is Primary Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Inappropriate excess secretion of PTH by one or more of the parathyroid glands

26
Q

What is Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

A

A compensatory response of the parathyroid glands to hypocalcemia

27
Q

What is Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Develops overtime due to long-standing periods of hypocalcemia

28
Q

Describe Hypoparathyroidism and the most common cause

A

Abnormally low PTH levels most commonly caused by damage to parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery

29
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus?

A

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

30
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells causing absolute insulin deficiency, Type 2 is caused by the loss of beta cell’s insulin secretion along with body’s insulin resistance

31
Q

What is Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) ?

A

Diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy

32
Q

What is Maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY) ?

A

Present before 25 years of age and have at least 13 genetic mutations that affect beta cell function but with little impact on insulin action

33
Q

What is hypoglycemia and which type is more at risk?

A

Called insulin shock or insulin reaction and type 1 diabetes is at more risk

34
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A

A serious complication related to deficiency of insulin and an increase of insulin counterregulatory hormones

35
Q

Disorders of the adrenal cortex are related to hyperfunction and hypofunction. Hyperfunction of increased cortisol causes what disease?

A

Cushing disease

36
Q

What is Cushing syndrome?

A

Clinical manifestations resulting from chronic exposure to excess cortisol regardless of cause

37
Q

What is Cushing disease?

A

Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH

38
Q

What is Addison disease?

A

Also termed Primary adrenal insufficiency, it is characterized by inadequate corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid synthesis and elevated levels of serum ACTH