Chapter 20: Alteration of Hormonal Regulation Flashcards
What are the two primary mechanisms that cause increase or decrease in hormone levels?
Inappropriate amount of hormone delivered by target cells and inappropriate response by target cell
What is the most common cause for hypothalamic dysfunction and what are some examples in what causes it?
Damage to the pituitary stalk caused by lesion, head injury, surgical procedure, and tumor
What happens as a result of inadequate hypothalamic hormone?
The body produces inadequate pituitary hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, and GH
What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and what is the common cause?
A hypersecretion of ADH commonly caused by ectopic production of ADH by tumors, pulmonary or CNS disorders, surgery and medications
What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?
A hyposecretion of ADH leading to a high loss of free water into the urine
What is the difference between Neurogenic (central) DI and Nephrogenic DI?
Neurogenic is an inadequate secretion of ADH while Nephrogenic is an inadequate response to ADH
What is Hypopituitarism and what is the most common cause?
The absence of one or more anterior pituitary hormones or the complete failure of all anterior pituitary hormones. Most common cause is pituitary infarction or lesions
What is Hyperpituitarism and what is the most common cause?
The hypersecretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary usually caused by a slow growing pituitary adenoma or tumor
There are two forms of hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH): acromegaly and giantism. What is the difference?
Acromegaly is hypersecretion of GH during adulthood while Giantism is hypersecretion in children and adolescents whole epiphysial plates have not closed
What is prolactinoma?
Hypersecretion of prolactin from tumors or prolactinomas that secrete prolactin
What is Primary thyroid disorders?
Dysfunction or disease of the thyroid resulting in either an increase or decrease in TH
What is Central (secondary) thyroid disorders?
Disorders of the pituitary glands TSH production
What is Thyrotoxicosis and how is it caused?
A condition that results from any cause of increased TH levels, can be caused by dysfunction of pituitary, thyroid gland, ectopic thyroid tissue or ingestion of TH medication
What is hyperthyroidism and what is primary and secondary hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism is an excess amount of TH, primary is thyroid gland dysfunction caused by graves disease, secondary is caused by TSH secreting pituitary adenomas (tumors)
Describe Graves disease
Autoimmune disease caused by stimulation of thyroid by autoantibodies against TSH receptors. Might experience pretibial myxedema
What is pretibial myxedema?
Subcutaneous swelling on the anterior portion of the legs and erythematous skin
What is Thyrotoxic crisis?
Life threatening worsening of the thyrotoxic state which TH levels rise dramatically
What is Hypothyroidism?
Deficient production of TH by the thyroid gland and is the most common disorder of thyroid
Describe primary and central (secondary) hypothyroidism?
Primary is loss of thyroid function most common cause is Hashimoto disease, secondary is pituitary failure to synthesize TSH most common cause is pituitary adenomas (tumor)
What is myxedema coma?
Medical emergency characterized by diminished consciousness due to severe hypothyroidism
What is Hashimoto disease and is it related to primary or secondary hypothyroidism?
Autoimmune disease causing destruction of thyroid tissue, is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism
What is congenital hypothyroidism?
Thyroid tissue absence or hereditary defects in TH synthesis
What is Thyroid carcinoma?
Most common endocrine malignancy, ionizing radiation is the most common cause
What is Hyperparathyroidism?
Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and is classified with primary, secondary, and tertiary
What is Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Inappropriate excess secretion of PTH by one or more of the parathyroid glands
What is Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
A compensatory response of the parathyroid glands to hypocalcemia
What is Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism?
Develops overtime due to long-standing periods of hypocalcemia
Describe Hypoparathyroidism and the most common cause
Abnormally low PTH levels most commonly caused by damage to parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery
What is Diabetes mellitus?
A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells causing absolute insulin deficiency, Type 2 is caused by the loss of beta cell’s insulin secretion along with body’s insulin resistance
What is Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) ?
Diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy
What is Maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY) ?
Present before 25 years of age and have at least 13 genetic mutations that affect beta cell function but with little impact on insulin action
What is hypoglycemia and which type is more at risk?
Called insulin shock or insulin reaction and type 1 diabetes is at more risk
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A serious complication related to deficiency of insulin and an increase of insulin counterregulatory hormones
Disorders of the adrenal cortex are related to hyperfunction and hypofunction. Hyperfunction of increased cortisol causes what disease?
Cushing disease
What is Cushing syndrome?
Clinical manifestations resulting from chronic exposure to excess cortisol regardless of cause
What is Cushing disease?
Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH
What is Addison disease?
Also termed Primary adrenal insufficiency, it is characterized by inadequate corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid synthesis and elevated levels of serum ACTH