Chapter 19: Hormonal Regulation Flashcards
What are the 5 general functions of the endocrine system?
- differentiation of reproductive and CNS in fetus
- stimulation of growth and development during childhood and adolescence
- coordination of female and male reproductive systems making repro. possible
- maintenance of internal environment
- initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when needed
What is the communication and control that happens within a cell called?
Autocrine
What is the communication and control that happens between two cells called?
Paracrine
What is the communication and control between two cells that are relatively close to each pother called?
Endocrine
What are the three specific rates and rhythms of secretion of hormones?
diurnal pattern, pulsatile and cyclic pattern, and patterns depending on the amount of substance
T or F, Do hormones operate within positive and negative feedback systems in order to maintain optimal internal environment?
True
What target cells can hormones affect?
Ones with the specific receptor for the specific hormone
Where are steroid hormones excreted and metabolized?
Excreted by kidney, metabolized by liver
Why would a hormone be released?
respond to an alteration in cellular environment, or to maintain hormone level
What are the three factors that regulate hormone control?
Chemical, endocrine, and neural
Positive feedback
Increase in synthesis and secretion of a hormone, TRH
Negative feedback
Decrease in synthesis and secretion of a hormone, T4 and T3
What are target cells?
Has plasma membrane or intracellular receptor that recognizes and bind to specific hormones, also initiate signals
Define Up-regulation
Because of decrease in hormone concentration, there is an increase in hormone receptors on the target cell in order to have a better chance of binding
Define Down-regulation
Because of increase in hormone concentration, there is a decrease in hormone receptors on the target in order to not bind to too many hormones
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and what structures does it consist of?
Structural and functional basis for neurologic and endocrine systems, consists of the hypothalamus and the pituitary glad (post and ant)
Name the posterior pituitary hormones produced
ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin
What is ADH?
Controls plasma osmolarity by causing water retention
What is oxytocin?
Contraction of the uterus and milk ejection
Name the anterior pituitary hormones produced
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), GH (growth hormone)
What is ACTH?
Regulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Which gland secretes melatonin?
Pineal gland
Islets of Langerhans consists of 4 types of hormone secreting cells: alpha, beta, delta, and f cells. Name the specific hormones they secrete
Alpha: glucagon
Beta: insulin and amylin
Delta: somatostatin
F cells: pancreatic polypeptide
The adrenal gland consists of a medulla and a cortex, which portion is inner and which is outer?
The medulla is inner while the cortex is outer
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
What does the zona glomerulosa primarily secrete?
Mineralocorticoids
What does the zona fasciculata primarily secrete?
Glucocorticoids
What does the zona reticularis primarily secrete?
Androgens
