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BIO 122 EXAM 4 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 main threats to Biodiversity (HIPPO)

A

H - Habitat Destruction
I - Invasive Species
P - Population (of humans)
P - Pollution
O - Overexploitation/Over harvesting

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2
Q

Habitat Destruction example

A

Costa Rican Rainforest

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3
Q

Invasive Species example

A

1960s Nile Perch into Lake Victoria in East African as food wiped out > 200 small native species

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4
Q

Population (of humans) example

A

1975-2075 greatest population growth, South Asia, Africa, and Latin America

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5
Q

Pollution example

A

Plastic pollution in the sea, burning of fossil fuels

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6
Q

Overexploitation/Over harvesting example

A

whaling - Atlantic Grey whale extinction
-> includes “exotic” pets

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7
Q

Define and describe biodiversity “hot spots”, where they occur.

A

Biodiversity “hot spots” -> small areas with huge number of endangered species

Occurs where -> Tropics, Islands, and Mediterranean (total < 1.5% of earth land surface)

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8
Q

Define endemic species

A

Only occurs in one place

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9
Q

parasitism

A

-positive effect on the symbiont and negative effect on the host
-Ex: giant tapeworm in whale; tapeworm gets good and shelter (in whale intestines); whale gets weaker (depriving the whale of nutrients)

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10
Q

Interactions between Species (biotic factors)

A

-Competition
-Predation
-Symbiotic relationships

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11
Q

define and describe ecological niche

A

total of a species use of resources of its habitat

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12
Q

define and describe competitive exclusion principle

A

-No 2 species can occupy an identical niche → one species wins and eliminates the other

-Ex: 2 species of paramecium (protist) → “winner” uses resources more efficiently and prolly reaches sexual maturity faster → reproduces faster → local extinction in a beaker

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13
Q

Predator

A

consumer

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14
Q

Prey

A

food

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15
Q

who does natural selection favor

A

both predator and prey

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16
Q

Co-evolution

A

1 species evolved in response to another (over time, over many generations)

17
Q

types of co-evolution

A

Predator-prey
Herbivore-plant
Pollinator-plant
Parasite-host

18
Q

Prey defenses

A

-Cryptic coloration
-Warning coloration
-Mimicry (2 types)

19
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

camouflage; ex: stick insects

20
Q

Warning coloration

A

usually toxic with bright colors (flashing a big warning saying im toxic); ex: poison arrow frog, blue-ringed octopus

21
Q

Mimicry

A

copycat adaptation
1. Batesian
2.Mullerian

22
Q

Batesian

A

harmless species mimics a harmful one
Ex: hawk moth larva (caterpillar) mimics a snake head

23
Q

Mullerian

A

two harmful species look similar
Ex: bees and wasps

24
Q

define symbiosis, list the 3 types

A

Symbiosis → two species living together indirect contact; Symbiont = smaller part, Host = larger part

commensalism, parasitism, mutualism

25
Q

commensalism

A

-positive effect on the symbiont and a neutral effect on the host
-Ex: barnacle on a whale; barnacle finds a place to live and a free ride to filter feed

26
Q

mutualism

A

-positive effect on the symbiont and host
-Ex: yucca and the yucca moth; yucca moth is the soul pollinator of the yucca; moth gets a mating spot (flowers) → female lays fertilized eggs in the ovary of the yucca flower; larvae that hatch eat the seeds in the fruit (not all but some)

27
Q

Species diversity in communities

A

More diversity → percentage of all species are the same

28
Q

Disturbance of communities

A

cause damage

29
Q

Natural disturbances

A

Earthquakes, floods, fires

30
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis. why?

A

Medium amount of disturbance is best for species diversity. why?
-Too much → species can be wiped out; no time to adapt
-Too little → one species can dominate; out competes the others

31
Q

effect of humans

A

Lead to the decrease in species diversity

Ex: humans use roughly 60% of earth’s land surface, mostly for crops (monocultures); and grazing (dairy and beef cattle)

32
Q

primary ecological succession

A

recolonizing of bare rock; not even soil
Ex: volcanic eruptions, retreating glaciers

33
Q

secondary ecological succession

A

recolonizing where there is still soil
Ex: fire, floods

BIO 122 EXAM 4 (8 decks)

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