Chapter 2: Western Civilization Flashcards
fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning o the colonial expansion of Western Europe
5th Century CE (Middle or Medieval Period)
long barbaric period
Dark ages (500 CE to 1000 CE)
During Dark Ages people cannot read and write, except for the members of
clergy
During Dark Ages intellectual activity centered on the study
Bible and Christian faith
it is the center of learning during 12 century
Stadium Generale
Franciscans and the Dominicans and the Political system that dominated
University of Scholasticism
a method of learning that places a strong emphasis on platonic reasoning and deduction working within a background of fixed religious dogma and Aristolelian philosophy
Christian Scholasticism
an attempt to prove the existence of God and divine purpose through observation of nature and the use of human reason.
Natural Theology
maintained that the world of reason and the world of faith had to kept apart.
Franciscan John Duns Scotus
proposed the principle of parsimony or Ockham’s Razor a simple theory id preferred to a more complex one.
William of Ockham
developed the theory of impetus a concept that anticipated Newtonian Physics and the modern concept of inertia.
Jean Buridan
He discussed the study of kinematics and velocity which predated Galileo’s work on falling objects.
Thomas Bradwadine
used a logical and mathematical approach to philosophical problems.
Oxford Calculators of Merton
he proposed that light color is related before hooked.
Nicole Oresme
Power came in 3 main sources
human, draft animals, and water.
first instrument of the power revolution and the more efficient draft animal than the ox.
Horse
a mill harnessing water and wind power
Water mill
type of water mill that flourished first in Northern Europe, a horizontally mounted water wheel driving a pair of grindstones directly without the intervention of gearing.
Norse Mill
the most common watermill and can be powered by a stream running underneath or over the wheel.
Vertical watermill
first people to use iron plowshares on forested lowlands and rich and heavy wet soils.
Teutonic Tribes
An industry where spinning jenny or spinning wheel was introduced.
Wooled Cloth Industry
a new craft bought by Teutonic tribe, consist of decomposing animal or vegetable fats by boiling them with a strong alkali.
Soap making
appeared in western Europe, consist of a mixture of carbon, sulfur, and saltpeter.
Gun powder
molten metal could be poured directly into molds ready to receive it.
Blast Furnace
He developed De re metallica (1556), shows techniques of shafting, pumping and of conveying the ore from the mines into trucks, which anticipated the development of railways.
Georgius Agricola
the oldest driven by weights and controlled by an oscillating arm engaging with a gear wheel.
Mechanical Clock
it is developed by Artois in France, an underground water pressure forces the water up the hole without pumping.
Artesian well
ancient branch of natural philosophy
Alchemy
the universal solvent
alkahest
able to cure any diseases and the development of alkahest
panaceas
it involves panaceas and alkahest.
Elixir of immortality
laid the foundation of Modern Chemistry.
Alchemist
a pseudoscience that claims to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial by studying the movements and relative position of celestial bodies.
Astrology
translated Al-khwarizmi book of algebra into latin
Robert of Chester
Euclid’s Element – translated in a various version by
Adelard of Bath, Herman of Carinthia, and Gerard of Cremona.
his nickname is Fibonacci and he is the first great medieval mathematician. Moreover, he spread the used of Hindu-Arabic numeral system.
Leonardo of Pisa
the most important contribution of Leonardo of Pisa to the European Mathematics.
Fibonacci Sequence
he prescient ideas on the infinite and the infinitesimal
Nicholas of Cusa
means rebirth
Renaissance
They are best known for its artistic development and the contributions of such polymaths
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
the most famous artist in renaissance period
Michelangelo
European used ______with a needle on a pivot.
dry compass
6 Navigational Instrument during Renaissance (1350-1600)
- Compass
- Theodolite
- Astrolabe
- Jacob’s staff
- Quadrant
- Octant
introduced German miners to England in order to develop the mineral resources of the country and the results of this was the establishments of brass manufacture.
Queen Elizabeth I
made the first version of the printing press with movable metal type in Mainz
Johannes Gutenberg
during this time they produced a sufficient quantity of accurate type to print a Vulgate Bible.
Germani in 1455
Three men of Mainz
Gutenberg
Johann Fust
Peter Schoffer
Botany first began in Germany in the early sixteenth century which works by
Otto Brunfels and Leonard Fuchs
he produced a guide to collecting medical plants that is considered a landmark in the history of natural observation.
Leonard Fuchs
founder of modern anatomy and her work includes De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Which is considered as first great modern work of science, and the foundation of modern biology.
Andreas Vesalius
he disputed the theory of Aristotle about the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus
he worked out of a laboratory provided to him by the King of Denmark who he served as an astrologer, collecting data for over twenty years on the location of the stars and planets which he used to test and revised astronomical theories.
Tyco Brache
he argued that not only does the Earth move, but so does the sun, and that there is no such thing as a point absolutely at rest in the universe.
Giordano Bruno
He published this polyhedral-spherist cosmology in his first major astronomical work, Mysterium Cosmographicum (The Cosmographic Mystery).
Johannes Kepler
he worked as an assistant to Tycho Brache.
Johannes Kepler
father of observational astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”, the “father of the scientific method”, and the “father of modern science
Galileo Galilei
Galileo figured out the secret of the invention and made his own ______?
spyglass
He developed tools, such as the _______ which allowed for magnification and better resolution of objects at great distances, and microscope which allowed scientist to observe the complexity of nature on a smaller scale.
Galileo Galilei | Telescope
Builds his first reflecting telescope.
Isaac Newton
who used letters as symbols to represent unknown (numerical) quantities in 1591 and applying this algerabraic method to geometry.
Lawyer Francios Viete
He Introduced the decimal system of representing fractions
Fleming Simon Stevin
he established the rules of logarithms.
John Naper
he presents the modern Cartesian coordinate system.
Rene Descartes
His first work, Arithmetica Infinitum, set the stage for the invention and development of differential calculus.
John Wallis
The founder of modern optics
Johannes Kepler
- he was first one to investigate the formation of pictures.
- He was also the first to describe real, virtual, upright and inverted images and magnification; to explain the principles of how a telescope works and to discover and describe the properties of total internal reflection.
Johannes Kepler
the first to formulate the correct laws of elastic collision and Best known for his wave theory of light.
Christiaan Huygens
He assumes the existence of a universal type of matter, common to all bodies and divisible into its smallest components, which corresponds to what we all know as “atoms” today
Robert Boyle
it is common to all bodies and divisible into its smallest components
atom
put modern chemical science on a firm theoretical basis.
Antoine Lavoisier and John Dalton
invented the barometer, to measure air pressure.
Evangelista Torricelli
She explained the results concerning the Torricelli mercury tube, arguing that the presence of matter above certain liquids (spirits) cannot be detected but exist.
Blaise Pascal
He invented the air pump
Otto von Guericke
William Harvey broke the beliefs of the Galen who assumed that the blood consisted of two types, one in the ______and the other in the _____
vein | arteries
- Founder of Microscopical anatomy and histology & father of physiology and embryology
- He was the first person to see capillaries in animals
Marcello Malpighi
- He questioned the ancient belief of vegetative soul
- He explained sap pressure in plants
- demonstrated that every species of plant, and even the parts of a plant, exactly reproduce their own properties in their offspring.
Edme Mariotte
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
