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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 2 (Visual and auditory rec) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Visual and auditory rec) Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception

A

uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses

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2
Q

During object recognition or pattern recognition

A

you identify a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli, and you perceive that this pattern is separate from its background

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3
Q

distal stimulus

A

is the actual object that is “out there” in the environment—for example,
the pen on your desk

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4
Q

proximal stimulus

A

is the information registered on your sensory receptors—for example, the image that your pen creates on your retina

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5
Q

retina

A

covers the inside back portion of your eye; it contains millions of neurons that register and transmit visual information from the outside world.

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6
Q

Sensory memory

A

is a large-capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy

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7
Q

iconic memory, or visual sensory memory

A

preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared

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8
Q

primary visual cortex

A

located in the occipital lobe of the brain; it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli

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9
Q

gestalt psychology

A

humans have basic tendencies to organize what they see; without any effort, we see patterns, rather than random arrangements

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10
Q

figure

A

has a distinct shape with clearly defined edges

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11
Q

ground

A

the region that is “left over,” forming the background

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12
Q

ambiguous figure–ground relationship

A

the figure and the ground reverse from time to time, so that the figure becomes the ground and then becomes the figure again

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13
Q

illusory contours (also called subjective con- tours)

A

we see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus (completing partially completed triangles)

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14
Q

templates

A

or specific patterns that you have stored in memory

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15
Q

feature-analysis theories

A

propose a rela- tively exible approach, in which a visual stimulus is composed of a small number of characteristics or components

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16
Q

distinctive feature

A

Each visual characteristic

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17
Q

Eleanor Gibson (1969)

A

The feature-analysis theories propose that the distinctive features for each of the alphabet letters remain constant, whether the letter is handwritten, printed, or typed

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18
Q

recognition-by-components theory

A

a speci c view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes called goons. Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined into words, geons can be combined to form meaningful objects

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19
Q

viewer- centered approach

A

this approach proposes that we store a small number of views of three-dimensional objects, rather than just one view.

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20
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

emphasizes that the stimulus characteristics are important when you recognize an object

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21
Q

Top-down processing

A

emphasizes how a person’s concepts, expectations, and memory can influence object recognition

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22
Q

word superiority effect,

A

we can iden- tify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears alone by itself or else in a meaningless string of unrelated letters

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23
Q

change blindness

A

we fail to detect a change in an object or a scene.

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24
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when we are paying attention to some events in a scene, we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears

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25
Q

holis- ticholistic (recognition)

A

We recognize faces on a holis- ticholistic (recognition) basis—that is, in terms of their overall shape and structure

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26
Q

prosopagnosia

A

cannot recognize human faces visually, though they perceive other objects relatively normally

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27
Q

face-inversion effect

A

behavioral research shows that people are much more accurate in identifying upright faces, compared to upside-down faces, a phenomenon called the

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28
Q

What is speech perception?

A

your auditory system must record the sound vibrations generated by someone talking; then the system must translate these vibrations into a sequence of sounds that you perceive to be speech

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29
Q

pho- neme

A

the basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds a, k, and th

30
Q

coarticulation

A

When you are pronouncing a particular phoneme, your mouth remains in somewhat the same shape it was when you pronounced the previous phoneme; in addition, your mouth is preparing to pronounce the next phoneme

31
Q

phonemic restoration

A

They can ll in a missing phoneme, using contextual meaning as a cue

32
Q

The McGurk effect

A

refers to the in uence of visual information on speech perception, when indi- viduals must integrate both visual and auditory information

33
Q

special mechanism approach (also called the speech-is-special approach)

A

humans are born with a spe- cialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli

34
Q

pho- netic module (or speech module)

A

a special-purpose neural mechanism that speci - cally processes all aspects of speech perception; it cannot handle other kinds of auditory perception

35
Q

cat- egorical perception

A

they heard either a clear-cut b or a clear-cut p, rather than a sound partway between a b and a p

36
Q

general mechanism approaches

A

argue that we can explain speech perception without proposing any special phonetic module

37
Q

The visual information registered by the sensory receptors of the retina is known as the

A

proximal stimulus.

38
Q

The study of object recognition or pattern recognition focuses on ways in which:

A

sensory processes transform and organize raw information provided by sensory receptors.

39
Q

Which of the following is not one of the lobes of the brain?

A

bactal

40
Q

Recognition of standardized stimuli, such as the numbers printed at the bottom of a check, can be accomplished by using an extremely simple:

A

template-matching process.

41
Q

According to the feature analysis theory, we recognize most stimuli by

A

identifying “distinctive features”.

42
Q

The way people recognize simple visual patterns (such as letters of the alphabet) is partially explained by a feature-analysis process, which involves the analysis of combinations of distinctive features. Similarly, the way people recognize complex objects (such as coffee cups) is partially explained by a recognition-by-components process, which involves the analysis of combinations of:

A

geons.

43
Q

The recent viewer-centered approach to object perception was proposed to explain why people are:

A

relatively good at recognizing objects that appear in unusual perspectives or at unusual angles.

44
Q

Findings revealing that a person’s concepts, expectations, and memory help in identifying objects show that:

A

object recognition involves top-down processing as well as bottom-up processing.

45
Q

___________ processing emphasizes how concepts and memories influence object recognition.

A

Top-down

46
Q

The word superiority effect is to the finding that people can identify:

A

a single letter better when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears by itself or in a meaningless string of letters.

47
Q

The same stimulus (e.g., “beans” or “bears”) may be perceived in a different way depending on the sentence context (e.g., “The farmer raised . . .” vs. “The zookeeper raised . . .”). This supports the view that word recognition involves:

A

top-down processing.

48
Q

When a person is reading, a word is identified relatively fast if the:

A

other words that the person has already identified form a meaningful sentence.

49
Q

Research on change blindness and inattentional blindness reveal that people:

A

often fail to notice when an object in a scene has changed or when a new object has appeared.

50
Q

People recognize features of human faces relatively better (compared to features of other complex objects, such as houses) if the features appear in the context of a whole face, rather than in isolation. This kind of finding supports the view that face recognition:

A
  • is “special.”
  • involves holistic processing.
  • has a special status in the human visual system.

All of the above are correct.

51
Q

A condition known as prosopagnosia, in which a person can visually recognize objects but cannot visually recognize human faces, may be caused by damage in part of the brain known as the:

A

inferotemporal cortex.

52
Q

__________ is a condition in which people cannot recognize faces.

A

Prosopagnosia

53
Q

Under a variety of real-world viewing conditions, people have been found to be:

A

quite accurate in identifying familiar faces but more inaccurate in identifying unfamiliar faces.

54
Q

Research on face identification of people with schizophrenia suggests that those people:

A
  • are less likely to use top-down processing in visual perception, including face perception.
  • make more errors in face recognition than do control (non-schizophrenic) people.
  • have relatively greater difficulty identifying emotional expressions, especially to the extent that they do not vary much in their own emotional expressions.

All of the above are correct.

55
Q

In most ordinary conversations, the acoustical boundaries between adjacent words are:

A

not usually very distinct.

56
Q

It is thought that there are about ______ phonemes in the English language.

A

between 40 and 45

57
Q

Speech sounds provide information to a listener that is less than perfect. A major finding on speech perception is that people:

A

nevertheless perceive speech with remarkable accuracy.

58
Q

In face-to-face conversations, ambiguities concerning word boundaries in speech are partly resolved by:

A

visual information from the speaker’s lips and face.

59
Q

What type of graphs can be used for numerical data (ratio interval)

A

Frequency distribution graphs - histogram, polygraph.

60
Q

Graphs used for nominal and ordinal data (non numerical)

A

Bar graphs

61
Q

The study of object recognition or pattern recognition focuses on ways in which:

A

sensory processes transform and organize raw information provided by sensory
receptors.

62
Q

The way people recognize simple visual patterns (such as letters of the alphabet)
is partially explained by a feature-analysis process, which involves the analysis of
combinations of distinctive features. Similarly, the way people recognize complex
objects (such as coffee cups) is partially explained by a recognition-by-components
process, which involves the analysis of combinations of:

A

geons

63
Q

) Suppose that you are looking at an advertisement that features a large figure. At
first, you think you are looking at a star. However, when you look closer, you realize
that some of the star’s edges are not actually shown on the paper, yet they seem to
be physically present. This perceptual experience is called:

A

an illusory contour

64
Q

Feature-analysis approaches:

A

make predictions about why an R would be confused with a P, rather than a W.

65
Q

Imagine that you are reading an article on face recognition. The article argues that
people use holistic processing when they look at a face. Which of the following
sentences would you be most likely to see in this article?

A

“People perceive faces by holistic processing, in terms of a gestalt, rather than
separate elements.”

66
Q

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research about
using a video security system to recognize faces?

A

Magali: “With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing familiar
faces, but not unfamiliar faces.”

67
Q

In most ordinary conversations, the acoustical boundaries between adjacent words
are:

A

not usually very distinct.

68
Q

Speech sounds provide information to a listener that is less than perfect. A major
finding on speech perception is that people:
Speech sounds provide information to a listener that is less than perfect. A major
finding on speech perception is that people:

A

nevertheless perceive speech with remarkable accuracy.

69
Q

According to your textbook, the McGurk effect:

A

demonstrates that visual information can influence our speech perception.

70
Q

According to the special mechanism approach to speech perception:

A

speech perception requires some kind of phonetic module, in addition to our
general cognitive processes.

Cognitive Psychology (12 decks)

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