Chapter 13 (Cog Development) Flashcards
steps of cog development
- Memory: Isabelle remembers her original expectation that ice skating would be fun.
- Metacognition:Isabellehadpredictedthattheskatingexperiencewouldbefun.
- Language: Isabelle’s description successfully navigates among the three time periods, beginning with her anticipation of an enjoyable skating experience, and then the actual (not-so-enjoyable) skating experience, and inally her current acknowledgment of the discrepancy between the irst and second time periods.
lifespan approach to development
we focus not only on development in infancy and young childhood, but instead on developmental issues that occur throughout one’s lifetime.
conjugate reinforcement technique
a mobile hangs above a young infant’s crib; a ribbon con- nects the infant’s ankle and the mobile, so that the infant’s kicks will make the mobile move
spaced learning
humans learn most effectively if their practice is distributed over time
massed learning
learning the material all at once
memory strategies
children do not learn memory strategies until middle school. children who are 4 and up will have better recall than children around 2.
autobiographical memory
refers to your memory for experiences and information that are related to yourself
script
a simple, well-structured sequence of events—in a speciied order—that are associated with a highly familiar activity
source monitoring
the process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory.
Memory strategies
intentional, goal-oriented activities that we use to improve our memories.
utilization deficiency
some young children may not actually use the strategies effectively
prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future. something older adults struggle at (working mem).
seniors and working memory
show they have more trouble on complex working memory, but normal for simple.
explicit memory task
requires people to remember information that they have previously learned.
implicit memory task
requires people to perform a perceptual or cognitive task (e.g., to complete a series of word fragments); previous experience with the material facili- tates their performance on the task.
explicit recall and older adults
young adult tend to score higher on explicitly recalling items, compared to older adults. They were similar however in : (1) the number of events they described that did not occur in the video and (2) the nature of these errors.
chunk
a memory unit that consists of several components that are strongly associ- ated with one another
cognitive slowing
or a slower rate of responding on cognitive tasks
Research by Rovee-Collier has revealed that infants:
can remember how to activate a mobile even after a delay of several weeks.
Studies have found that both college students and infants learn better with
spaced learning.
Typically, young children have
good recognition memory, but poor recall memory.
metacognition
is a term that refers to your thoughts about thinking; it is your knowledge about your cognitive processes, as well as your control of these cognitive processes.
metamemory
a term that refers to your knowledge, monitoring, and control of your memory.
theory of mind
a term that refers to your ideas about how your mind works, as well as how other people’s minds work
metacomprehension
a term that refers to your thoughts about your comprehension, such as your understanding of written material or spoken language.
Children’s Metamemory: The Relationship Between Metamemory and Memory Performance.
- Their metamemory is faulty; they do not realize that they need to make an effort to memorize, and they also do not realize how little they can remember.
- Theydonotspontaneouslyusehelpfulmemorystrategies.
- Relative to older children, their performance on a memory test is poor.
older adults and memory tasks
older adults are overconfident
memory self-eficacy
which is a person’s belief in his or her own potential to perform well on memory tasks.
Children’s ideas on how their minds work and on their beliefs about other people’s thoughts:
reveal that such metacognitive abilities are not yet fully developed by even the age of 7 years.
Studies of children’s metamemory show that:
young children don’t seem to realize that you must use effort in order to learn
a list of words.
Research on metamemory in elderly people shows that:
in general, elderly people and young adults have similar beliefs about how their memory works.
phonemes
which are the smallest sound units in a language.
cooing
noises, sounds that involve vowels such as oo.
babbling
a vocalization that uses both consonants and vowels, often repeating sounds in a series such as dadada
child-directed speech
refers to the language spoken to children. Child-directed speech uses repetition, short sen- tences, simple vocabulary, basic syntax, a slow pace, a high pitch, exaggerated changes in pitch, and exaggerated facial expressions
motherese
a term that linguists previously used for child-directed speech.
fast mapping
using context to make a reasonable guess about a word’s meaning after just one or two exposures
overextension
the use of a word to refer to other objects in addition to objects that adults would consider inappropriate. example calling a wolf dog.
Morphemes
the basic units of meaning, which include endings such as -s and -ed, as well as simple words such as run
Morphology
is the study of these basic units of meaning.
overregularization
the tendency to add the most customary grammatical morphemes to create new forms of irregular words
overextension vs overregulation
overextension is using a word to inappropriately describe something, where as overregulation is using correct morphemes inappropriately.
rule-and-memory theory
children learn a general rule for past-tense verbs, which speciies that they must add -ed; however, they also store in memory the past tenses for many irregular verbs.
Syntax
refers to the grammatical rules that govern how words can be combined into sentences.
pragmatics
focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people
