Chapter 10 Flashcards
Slips-of-the-tongue
are errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words
Types of slips of the tongue
- Sound errors, which occur when sounds in nearby words are exchanged—for example, snow lurries → low snurries.
- Morpheme errors, which occur when morphemes (the smallest meaningful units in language, such as -ly or in-) are exchanged in nearby words—for example, self-destruct instruction → self-instruct destruction.
- Word errors, which occur when words are exchanged—for example, writing a letter to my mother → writing a mother to my letter.
gist
the overall meaning of the message we intend to generate
prosody
an utterance, or the “melody” of its into- nation, rhythm, and emphasis
discourse
language units that are larger than a sentence
narrative
the type of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or ictional events
Gestures
are visible movements of any part of your body, which you use to communicate
Iconic gestures
gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking.
Deictic gestures
involve pointing to some object or location while speaking, and are often accompanied by words like “This” or “That.”
Beat gestures
on the other hand, are gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech.
Embodied cognition
emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge
Pragmatics
focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people
Common ground
occurs when conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding.
directive
is a sentence that asks someone to do something. For example, suppose that a man named Bob is driving. A police oficer stops him, and Bob clearly knows that he has been speeding. Of course, most of us would automatically accept the speeding ticket.
direct request
resolves the interpersonal problem in a very obvious fashion. In this situation, an example of a direct request would be, “How much money should I pay you to not get a ticket?”
indirect request
uses subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather than stating the request in a straightforward manner.
frame
used to describe our mental structures that simplify reality. Our frames tend to structure what “counts” as facts.
Working memory
refers to the brief, immediate memory for material that you are currently processing; working memory also coordinates your ongoing mental activities.
phonological loop
stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time.
visuospatial sketchpad
processes both visual and spatial information.
central executive
also called Executive Function, integrates informa- tion from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer, and plays a role in attention, planning, and coordinating other cognitive activities.
prewriting
most people begin a formal writing project by generating a list of ideas.
bilingual speaker
someone who is luent in two different languages
multilingual speaker
someone who speaks more than two languages, but psycholinguists often use the term bilingual to include multilinguals as well
simultaneous bilingualism
Some bilinguals learn two languages simultaneously during childhood, an arrangement
sequential bilingualism
their native language is referred to as their first language, and the non-native language that they acquire is their second language.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
is based on the principle that people can mentally pair related words together much more easily than they can pair unrelated words.
metalinguistics
or knowledge about the form and structure of language.
dementia
an acquired, persistent syndrome of cognitive deficits
plus and minus of being bilingual
slows dementia
more sensitive to the pragmatics of language
better at selective attention
better at visual formation tasks
more aware that names are arbitrary labels
acquire more expertise in their native language
age of acquisition
refers to the age at which you learned a second language.
critical period hypothesis
your ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a speciic period of your life. Speciically, the critical period hypoth- esis proposes that individuals who have already reached a speciied age—perhaps early puberty—will no longer be able to acquire a new language with native-like fluency.
phonology
the sounds of a person’s speech.
translation
refers to this process of translating from a text written in one language into a second written language.
interpreting
usually refers to the process of changing a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language.
Simultaneous interpreting
or, listening to speech in one language and simul- taneously producing the translation in a different language—is one of the most chal- lenging linguistic tasks that humans can perform
Steps in Simultaneous interpreting
- Comprehend one Spanish segment (perhaps a sentence or two).
- Mentally transform the previous Spanish segment into English.
- Actually speak out loud—inEnglish—an even earlier segment.
A psychological understanding of slip-of-the-tongue errors:
has been advanced with a connectionist theory that includes spreading activation.
When viewing asked to describe a scene, people take approximately
900 ms after fixating an object to begin speaking the name for the object. This is
taken as evidence that sentence planning takes 900 ms?
False
Knowledge of the social rules that underlie language use (speech communication)
is called:
pragmatics.
Issues such as common ground and directives relate to an aspect of language called:
pragmatics.
The critical period hypothesis asserts that a person’s ability to acquire a second
language is based on a biologically based “deadline.” Recent research related to this
hypothesis:
does not support it.
For which characteristics of language does age of acquisition of a second language
matter most?
phonology
