Chapter 10

Question 1

Slips-of-the-tongue

Answer 1

are errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words

Question 2

Types of slips of the tongue

Answer 2

1. Sound errors, which occur when sounds in nearby words are exchanged—for example, snow lurries → low snurries.
2. Morpheme errors, which occur when morphemes (the smallest meaningful units in language, such as -ly or in-) are exchanged in nearby words—for example, self-destruct instruction → self-instruct destruction.
3. Word errors, which occur when words are exchanged—for example, writing a letter to my mother → writing a mother to my letter.

Question 3

gist

Answer 3

the overall meaning of the message we intend to generate

Question 4

prosody

Answer 4

an utterance, or the “melody” of its into- nation, rhythm, and emphasis

Question 5

discourse

Answer 5

language units that are larger than a sentence

Question 6

narrative

Answer 6

the type of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or ictional events

Question 7

Gestures

Answer 7

are visible movements of any part of your body, which you use to communicate

Question 8

Iconic gestures

Answer 8

gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking.

Question 9

Deictic gestures

Answer 9

involve pointing to some object or location while speaking, and are often accompanied by words like “This” or “That.”

Question 10

Beat gestures

Answer 10

on the other hand, are gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech.

Question 11

Embodied cognition

Answer 11

emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge

Question 12

Pragmatics

Answer 12

focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people

Question 13

Common ground

Answer 13

occurs when conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding.

Question 14

directive

Answer 14

is a sentence that asks someone to do something. For example, suppose that a man named Bob is driving. A police oficer stops him, and Bob clearly knows that he has been speeding. Of course, most of us would automatically accept the speeding ticket.

Question 15

direct request

Answer 15

resolves the interpersonal problem in a very obvious fashion. In this situation, an example of a direct request would be, “How much money should I pay you to not get a ticket?”

Question 16

indirect request

Answer 16

uses subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather than stating the request in a straightforward manner.

Question 17

frame

Answer 17

used to describe our mental structures that simplify reality. Our frames tend to structure what “counts” as facts.

Question 18

Working memory

Answer 18

refers to the brief, immediate memory for material that you are currently processing; working memory also coordinates your ongoing mental activities.

Question 19

phonological loop

Answer 19

stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time.

Question 20

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 20

processes both visual and spatial information.

Question 21

central executive

Answer 21

also called Executive Function, integrates informa- tion from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer, and plays a role in attention, planning, and coordinating other cognitive activities.

Question 22

prewriting

Answer 22

most people begin a formal writing project by generating a list of ideas.

Question 23

bilingual speaker

Answer 23

someone who is luent in two different languages

Question 24

multilingual speaker

Answer 24

someone who speaks more than two languages, but psycholinguists often use the term bilingual to include multilinguals as well

Question 25

simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 25

Some bilinguals learn two languages simultaneously during childhood, an arrangement

Question 26

sequential bilingualism

Answer 26

their native language is referred to as their first language, and the non-native language that they acquire is their second language.

Question 27

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 27

is based on the principle that people can mentally pair related words together much more easily than they can pair unrelated words.

Question 28

metalinguistics

Answer 28

or knowledge about the form and structure of language.

Question 29

dementia

Answer 29

an acquired, persistent syndrome of cognitive deficits

Question 30

plus and minus of being bilingual

Answer 30

slows dementia
more sensitive to the pragmatics of language
better at selective attention
better at visual formation tasks
more aware that names are arbitrary labels
acquire more expertise in their native language

Question 31

age of acquisition

Answer 31

refers to the age at which you learned a second language.

Question 32

critical period hypothesis

Answer 32

your ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a speciic period of your life. Speciically, the critical period hypoth- esis proposes that individuals who have already reached a speciied age—perhaps early puberty—will no longer be able to acquire a new language with native-like fluency.

Question 33

phonology

Answer 33

the sounds of a person’s speech.

Question 34

translation

Answer 34

refers to this process of translating from a text written in one language into a second written language.

Question 35

interpreting

Answer 35

usually refers to the process of changing a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language.

Question 36

Simultaneous interpreting

Answer 36

or, listening to speech in one language and simul- taneously producing the translation in a different language—is one of the most chal- lenging linguistic tasks that humans can perform

Question 37

Steps in Simultaneous interpreting

Answer 37

1. Comprehend one Spanish segment (perhaps a sentence or two).
2. Mentally transform the previous Spanish segment into English.
3. Actually speak out loud—inEnglish—an even earlier segment.

Question 38

A psychological understanding of slip-of-the-tongue errors:

Answer 38

has been advanced with a connectionist theory that includes spreading activation.

Question 39

When viewing asked to describe a scene, people take approximately
900 ms after fixating an object to begin speaking the name for the object. This is
taken as evidence that sentence planning takes 900 ms?

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Knowledge of the social rules that underlie language use (speech communication)
is called:

Answer 40

pragmatics.

Question 41

Issues such as common ground and directives relate to an aspect of language called:

Answer 41

pragmatics.

Question 42

The critical period hypothesis asserts that a person’s ability to acquire a second
language is based on a biologically based “deadline.” Recent research related to this
hypothesis:

Answer 42

does not support it.

Question 43

For which characteristics of language does age of acquisition of a second language
matter most?

Answer 43

phonology