Chapter 2: Theoretical Bases for Clinical Reasoning Flashcards
Abductor spasmodic dysphonia
Voice problem associated with dystonia, a neurological disorder, characterized by involuntary abduction of the vocal folds during speech resulting in a weak, breathy voice. The symptoms usually diminish during nonspeech activities such as laughing, singing, speaking with an accent, coughing, whispering, speaking on inhalation, etc.
Abrupt onset of phonation
Sudden, forceful initiation of phonation associated with complete closure of the glottis and blockage of airflow prior to the initiation of phonation.
Acoustic energy
Transmission of energy associated with the compression and rarefaction of air molecules.
Aphonia
Involuntary cessation of voice in response to interruption in the vibration of the vocal folds.
Bernoulli effect
In the case of an ideal fluid, as velocity of fluid flow increases, pressure decreases, so long as the total energy remains constant. Pressure is perpendicular to the direction of flow. (Zemlin, 1998).
Breath group
An utterance produced during one breath.
Checking action
The continued engagement of the muscles of inhalation to slow the exhalation phase.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
General term for a group of progressive respiratory problems that result in persistent shortness of breath, poor air flow, cough, increased mucus production, and a wet vocal quality.
Closed-loop theory
A cognitive theory proposed by Adams (1971) that uses feedback to describe the acquisition of motor skills.
Cognition
The use of executive function, reasoning, judging, and remembering.
Cognitive work
The intellectual resources recruited to perform a function.
Decision-making process
In voice treatment, a process by which the clinician and patient choose a course of action for the rehabilitation program.
Degrees of freedom
The number of independent ways a dynamic system can move without violating the inherent limitations of the system.
Disease-oriented approach
A medical model that relies on experts to make decisions.
Emotional-physiological state
The biological arousal experienced in response to stimuli.
Empirical observation
A process whereby information is acquired through observation.
Evidence-based practice
The interaction of (1) clinical expertise and experience, (2) scientific evidence, (3) client/patient and caregiver perspectives to provide high-quality care. A treatment approach that relies primarily on qualitative research studies to make decisions about the efficacy of treatment.
Exhalation
The flow of breath from the body.
Expiratory reserve volume
Air remaining in the lungs following a normal exhalation. This air can be exhaled by contracting the expiratory muscles.
Feels
In voice therapy, the awareness of the sensations related to resonance, the difference between ease and effort, postural alignment, etc.
Forced vital capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation.
Freedom to act
A physical state of relaxation that exists between the body’s most lax position and its stiffest resulting in an efficient use of the musculature.
Fundamental frequency
The lowest frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and the slowest frequency of a quasi-periodic waveform.
Generalized motor program
Within Schmidt’s schema theory (1975a), the generalized motor program is an abstract representation of the order, relative timing, and force of movements.
Glissando
The vocal ascent and descent of a musical scale.
Hierarchy
In voice therapy, a system of goals and procedures ranked one above another based upon complexity.
Hypothesis-driven therapy
Treatment that relies upon hypothesis development and testing.
Inertia
Newton’s third law of motion: the tendency of a body at rest to remain at rest, or when in motion to continue that motion, unless acted upon by an external force.
Inhalation
The flow of air into an organism.
Initiation of phonation
The onset of voicing associated with vocal fold vibration.