Chapter 1: Intro and Clinical Orientation Flashcards
Accurate empathy (evocative empathy)
The clinician’s appreciation of the patient’s perspective and experience of the (voice) problem.
Alexander technique
A technique designed to facilitate alignment of the spine and avoid unnecessary levels of muscular stiffness and mental tension during everyday activities.
Attend to
Conscious attention to the sensations of phonation or resonance.
Back pressure
Within a narrow tube (e.g., vocal tract), an obstruction produces resistance in response to the flow of the fluid.
Back pressure exercise
In voice rehabilitation, a technique that creates a semi-occluded vocal tract and increases resistance in the supraglottal space (can be achieved with /mhm/ or straw phonation, etc.).
Counterproductive compensation
An ineffective, possibly detrimental behavior, that is used consciously or unconsciously to cope with negative physiological challenges.
Deliberate practice
Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer (1993) proposed that simply repeating a motor act in a drill-like fashion does not result in skilled performance. A motor skill improves with thoughtful attention and consideration of individual movements during practice.
Ease/easy
In voice treatment, the production of voice without strain or effort.
Effective voice
A voice that meets one’s needs.
Efficiency
The ratio of the output of a system to the input.
Epilarynx
A space in the vocal tract immediately above the larynx. Also known as the aryepiglottic space, it can be narrowed by the muscles that surround it. When narrowed sufficiently, it becomes a high-frequency resonator.
Extraneous muscle activity
Unnecessary stiffness or movement that occurs in conjunction with voice production. Usually involves structures in the head, neck, and thorax.
Feldenkrais Method
A somatic educational system designed to reduce pain or limitations in movement, improve physical function, and promote well-being by increasing kinesthetic and proprioceptive self-awareness of functional movement.
Freeway space
Small opening between the upper and lower teeth.
Hypothesis development
The process of integrating empirical observation with theory and one’s fund of knowledge.
Kinesthetic awareness
The body’s sense of its relative position in space and time.
Listen
In voice, listening refers to the perception of the voice solely through the acoustic information received by the ears. Voice patients often emphasize the importance of the auditory signal, ignoring the kinesthetic feedback central to the modification of effort.
Manner of phonation
The skill with which the subsystems of voice production (respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation) are balanced to produce voice. This may be easy, efficient, and effective, or effortful.
Medial compression of vocal folds
The strength with which the membranous portion of the vocal folds touch during the closed portion of the vibratory cycle. The contact is determined by several factors, including the adduction of the arytenoid cartilages, the expiratory drive, the manner of voice onset, and the coordination of the vocal subsystems.
Memory trace
In motor learning theory Schmidt (1975a) suggests that following a skilled movement an imprint of the motor act remains. When a motor act is repeated, the imprint becomes stronger.
Model
In voice therapy, a vocal stimulus produced by the clinician to be imitated by the patient.
Modification
In voice rehabilitation, a measurable change that occurs during voice production or the management of risk factors.
Motor learning theory
Schmidt and Lee (2011) attribute the acquisition of a skilled movement to deliberate repetition of a motor act.
Motor program
A theoretical (conceptual) or actual neural, hardwired organization that serves to organize and constrain the degrees of freedom of a system.
Phonation
The production of a quasi-periodic vibration at the level of the vocal folds resulting in the production of sound.
Physiology of respiration
The movement of air that takes place as a result of the underlying functions of the lungs and chest wall.
Positive regard
Carl Rogers (1951) introduced the concept of unconditional acceptance and support of the patient.
Professional voice user
The reliance on the vocal mechanism to fulfill the demands of one’s profession (singers, actors, ministers, lawyers, speech-language pathologists, etc.).
Resistance
Resistance and drag as air passes through a tube; pressure opposing airflow; back pressure.
Self-efficacy
Belief in one’s capacity to affect one’s own behavior (Bandura & Adams, 1977).
Self-esteem
One’s overall evaluation of his self-worth; contributes to the individual’s adherence to voice rehabilitation and to one’s self-efficacy.
Semi-occluded vocal tract
An increase in air pressure above the vocal folds due to a narrowing of the vocal tract. This increase in back pressure facilitates self-oscillation of the membranous portion of the vocal folds, thus reducing impact stress. (Titze & Verdolini-Abbott, 2012)
Subglottal pressure
Term used to describe the air pressure beneath the vocal folds.
Supraglottal pressure
Term used to describe the air pressure above the vocal folds.
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD)
A general term describing pain, popping, or clicking in the temporomandibular joint and/or the muscles of mastication.
Vocal tract
The airway between the glottis and the lips.
Voice problem
A voice disturbance that is associated with an inappropriate manner of phonation. The voice no longer meets the individual’s professional, social, and emotional needs.
Voice rehabilitation
The process by which an appropriate manner of phonation is developed and generalized to the individual’s activities of daily living.
