Chapter 1: Intro and Clinical Orientation

Question 1

Accurate empathy (evocative empathy)

Answer 1

The clinician’s appreciation of the patient’s perspective and experience of the (voice) problem.

Question 2

Alexander technique

Answer 2

A technique designed to facilitate alignment of the spine and avoid unnecessary levels of muscular stiffness and mental tension during everyday activities.

Question 3

Attend to

Answer 3

Conscious attention to the sensations of phonation or resonance.

Question 4

Back pressure

Answer 4

Within a narrow tube (e.g., vocal tract), an obstruction produces resistance in response to the flow of the fluid.

Question 5

Back pressure exercise

Answer 5

In voice rehabilitation, a technique that creates a semi-occluded vocal tract and increases resistance in the supraglottal space (can be achieved with /mhm/ or straw phonation, etc.).

Question 6

Counterproductive compensation

Answer 6

An ineffective, possibly detrimental behavior, that is used consciously or unconsciously to cope with negative physiological challenges.

Question 7

Deliberate practice

Answer 7

Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer (1993) proposed that simply repeating a motor act in a drill-like fashion does not result in skilled performance. A motor skill improves with thoughtful attention and consideration of individual movements during practice.

Question 8

Ease/easy

Answer 8

In voice treatment, the production of voice without strain or effort.

Question 9

Effective voice

Answer 9

A voice that meets one’s needs.

Question 10

Efficiency

Answer 10

The ratio of the output of a system to the input.

Question 11

Epilarynx

Answer 11

A space in the vocal tract immediately above the larynx. Also known as the aryepiglottic space, it can be narrowed by the muscles that surround it. When narrowed sufficiently, it becomes a high-frequency resonator.

Question 12

Extraneous muscle activity

Answer 12

Unnecessary stiffness or movement that occurs in conjunction with voice production. Usually involves structures in the head, neck, and thorax.

Question 13

Feldenkrais Method

Answer 13

A somatic educational system designed to reduce pain or limitations in movement, improve physical function, and promote well-being by increasing kinesthetic and proprioceptive self-awareness of functional movement.

Question 14

Freeway space

Answer 14

Small opening between the upper and lower teeth.

Question 15

Hypothesis development

Answer 15

The process of integrating empirical observation with theory and one’s fund of knowledge.

Question 16

Kinesthetic awareness

Answer 16

The body’s sense of its relative position in space and time.

Question 17

Listen

Answer 17

In voice, listening refers to the perception of the voice solely through the acoustic information received by the ears. Voice patients often emphasize the importance of the auditory signal, ignoring the kinesthetic feedback central to the modification of effort.

Question 18

Manner of phonation

Answer 18

The skill with which the subsystems of voice production (respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation) are balanced to produce voice. This may be easy, efficient, and effective, or effortful.

Question 19

Medial compression of vocal folds

Answer 19

The strength with which the membranous portion of the vocal folds touch during the closed portion of the vibratory cycle. The contact is determined by several factors, including the adduction of the arytenoid cartilages, the expiratory drive, the manner of voice onset, and the coordination of the vocal subsystems.

Question 20

Memory trace

Answer 20

In motor learning theory Schmidt (1975a) suggests that following a skilled movement an imprint of the motor act remains. When a motor act is repeated, the imprint becomes stronger.

Question 21

Model

Answer 21

In voice therapy, a vocal stimulus produced by the clinician to be imitated by the patient.

Question 22

Modification

Answer 22

In voice rehabilitation, a measurable change that occurs during voice production or the management of risk factors.

Question 23

Motor learning theory

Answer 23

Schmidt and Lee (2011) attribute the acquisition of a skilled movement to deliberate repetition of a motor act.

Question 24

Motor program

Answer 24

A theoretical (conceptual) or actual neural, hardwired organization that serves to organize and constrain the degrees of freedom of a system.

Question 25

Phonation

Answer 25

The production of a quasi-periodic vibration at the level of the vocal folds resulting in the production of sound.

Question 26

Physiology of respiration

Answer 26

The movement of air that takes place as a result of the underlying functions of the lungs and chest wall.

Question 27

Positive regard

Answer 27

Carl Rogers (1951) introduced the concept of unconditional acceptance and support of the patient.

Question 28

Professional voice user

Answer 28

The reliance on the vocal mechanism to fulfill the demands of one’s profession (singers, actors, ministers, lawyers, speech-language pathologists, etc.).

Question 29

Resistance

Answer 29

Resistance and drag as air passes through a tube; pressure opposing airflow; back pressure.

Question 30

Self-efficacy

Answer 30

Belief in one’s capacity to affect one’s own behavior (Bandura & Adams, 1977).

Question 31

Self-esteem

Answer 31

One’s overall evaluation of his self-worth; contributes to the individual’s adherence to voice rehabilitation and to one’s self-efficacy.

Question 32

Semi-occluded vocal tract

Answer 32

An increase in air pressure above the vocal folds due to a narrowing of the vocal tract. This increase in back pressure facilitates self-oscillation of the membranous portion of the vocal folds, thus reducing impact stress. (Titze & Verdolini-Abbott, 2012)

Question 33

Subglottal pressure

Answer 33

Term used to describe the air pressure beneath the vocal folds.

Question 34

Supraglottal pressure

Answer 34

Term used to describe the air pressure above the vocal folds.

Question 35

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD)

Answer 35

A general term describing pain, popping, or clicking in the temporomandibular joint and/or the muscles of mastication.

Question 36

Vocal tract

Answer 36

The airway between the glottis and the lips.

Question 37

Voice problem

Answer 37

A voice disturbance that is associated with an inappropriate manner of phonation. The voice no longer meets the individual’s professional, social, and emotional needs.

Question 38

Voice rehabilitation

Answer 38

The process by which an appropriate manner of phonation is developed and generalized to the individual’s activities of daily living.