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Kinesiology > Chapter 2 - the joints > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - the joints Flashcards

1
Q

joint

A

junction or pivot point between two or more bones

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2
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Synarthrosis

  • junction between bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue
  • little or no movement(sutures, teeth, distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous membrane)
  • allows for dispersion of forces
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3
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

synarthrosis

  • junction between bones formed primarily by fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage
  • allows restrained movements to transmit and disperse forces between bones(shock absorption)
  • ex: intervertebral disc, manubriosternal joint, pubic symphysis
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4
Q

Diarthrosis

A

synovial joints

  • specialized for movement
  • Always contain:
    1) synovial fluid
    2) articular cartilage
    3) articular capsule
    4) synovial membrane
    5) capsular ligaments
    6) blood vessels within capsule
    7) sensory nerves within capsule
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5
Q

intraarticular discs

A

Diarthrosis

  • menisci
  • pads of fibrocartilage which increase articular congruency and improve force dispersion
  • for stability and fit
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6
Q

labrum

A

diarthrosis

  • fibrocartilage which forms a bony rim to thicken and support attachments for the joint capsule
  • deepens the concave member of the joint
  • ex: hip and shoulder
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7
Q

fat pads

A

diarthrosis

  • thickens the joint capsule and fills spaces formed by incongruent bony surfaces
  • between fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
  • prominent in elbow and knee
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8
Q

synovial plicae

A

diarthrosis

  • folds of slack inner layers of joint capsule which increase synovial surface area and reduce tension on synovial lining
  • redundant folds in bursa for stretching purposes
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9
Q

Hinge joint

A

primary angular movements of flexion/extension

- ex: humeroulnar joint, interphalangeal joints of digits

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10
Q

pivot joint

A

mobile member of the joint is oriented parallel to the axis of rotation

  • spinning of one member around a single axis of rotation
  • ex: proximal humeroradial joint, atlantoaxial joint
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11
Q

ellipsoid joint

A

one convex elongated surface mated with an elongated concave surface

  • severely restricts spin unless joint dislocates
  • allows biplanar motions, usually flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
  • ex: radiocarpal joint
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12
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

a spherical convex surface paired with a cuplike socket

  • motion in 3 planes
  • angular motions = flex/ext, abd/add, internal/external rotation
  • ex: glenohumeral joint, coxafemoral joint
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13
Q

plane joint

A

a pairing of 2 flat or relatively flat surfaces

  • allows for slide or combined slide and rotation
  • ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints
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14
Q

saddle joint

A

2 surfaces: 1 concave and 1 convex surface on each bone

  • allows biplanar motion
  • spin is limited
  • ex: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, sternoclavicular joint
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15
Q

condyloid joint

A

similar to ball-and-socket, but concave member is very shallow

  • usually allows 2 degrees of freedom
  • angular motions = either flex/ext and abd/add or flex/ext and axial rotation
  • ex: metacarpophalangeal joint, tibiofemoral joint
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16
Q

axis of rotation

A

rarely fixed in joints

usually through the convex

17
Q

instantaneous axis of rotation

A

the location of the axis of rotation of a joint at a given arc of motion

18
Q

evolute

A

the path of the serial locations of the instantaneous axes of rotation
- more accurate with smaller arcs of motion

19
Q

joint play movement

A

accessory movement

  • normal movement not under voluntary control which occurs in response to an outside force
  • are necessary to perform pain-free normal movement
  • used by PT for evaluation of joint function
  • different from PROM
20
Q

Component movement

A

accessory movement

  • normal movement not under voluntary control which occurs in accompaniment with active movement
  • ex: roll and slide
21
Q

Classification of joint mobility

A 
0 = ankylosis(no movement)
1 = very restricted
2 = slightly restricted
3 = normal
4 = slightly hypermobile
5 = very hypermobile
6 = unstable(excessive ROM, without restraints of capsule and ligaments)
22
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

thick, rugged, stiff and elongate very little

- primary protein in ligaments, fascia, fibrous joint capsules and tendons

23
Q

type 2 collagen

A

thinner with less strength than type 1

- provides flexible, woven framework for maintaining shape of hyaline cartilage

24
Q

elastin fibers

A

resist tensile, stretching forces but have more “give”

- readily return to original shape after deformation

25
Q

ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycans(GAG’s), H20, solutes

- holds water and provides support

26
Q

cells within joints

A

responsible for maintenance and repair

- sparse, which contributes to poor/incomplete healing

27
Q

avulsion fracture

A

tendon pulls away from bone and breaks away bone

28
Q

fibroblasts

A

disperses forces

- grows according to forces

29
Q

aging and joints

A
  • slowing of rate of fiber and GAG replacement/repair
  • microtrauma accumulated over time may lead to mechanical failure and signs/symptoms
  • decrease in H2O-binding capacity(less compressive strength)
  • decrease in motion may lead to adhesions/contractures within joints which then limit function
  • fractures within joints will heal slower
  • osteoporotic bone may fracture more readily due to joint loading
30
Q

Immobilization on connective tissues within a joint

A

decrease in the strength of tissues which may not fully recover
- balance the need for immobilization with early movement to prevent change in tissue

31
Q

acute trauma to joint

A
  • torn/stretched ligaments or joint capsule lead to pain, inflammation, and joint instability
  • acute traumatic instability
  • may lead to intraarticular fractures
  • unhealing areas may lead to premature degeneration
  • inner areas of cartilage have poor blood supply
32
Q

chronic trauma in joints

A
  • “overuse syndrome” = accumulation of unrepaired minor damage over time
  • gradual weakening and instability of the joint
  • muscle guarding
  • recurring instability can lead to abnormal loading patterns
  • reduction of the shock absorption ability
33
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

  • gradual erosion of articular cartilage with a low inflammatory component
  • fibrous capsule/synovium become distended and thickened
34
Q

idiopathic OA

A

absence of specific cause

- affects one or a few joints

35
Q

familial OA or generalized OA

A

affects hand

- more frequent in women

36
Q

post-traumatic OA

A

any synovial joint exposed to sufficient trauma

37
Q

rheumatoid arthritis(RA)

A

systemic, autoimmune connective tissue disorder

  • strong inflammatory component(capsule, synovium, synovial fluid)
  • destruction of multiple joints
  • articular cartilage is exposed to an enzymatic process that erodes the articular surface
  • joint instability and pain

Kinesiology (8 decks)

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