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Kinesiology > Chapter 1 - Basics > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Basics Flashcards

1
Q

kinematics

A

describes the motion of a body, without regards to the forces or torques that may produce the motion

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2
Q

translation

A

a linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other part of the body

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3
Q

rotation

A

a motion in which an assumed rigid body moves in a circular path about some pivot point

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4
Q

active movements

A

movement of the body caused by stimulated muscle

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5
Q

passive movements

A

movement of the body caused by sources other than muscle

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6
Q

osteokinematics

A

the motion of bones relative to the planes of the body: sagittal, frontal, and horizontal

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7
Q

axis of rotation

A

the pivot point for the angular motion

  • movement plane is perpendicular to axis of rotation
  • typically located through the convex member of the joint
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8
Q

degrees of freedom

A

number of independent movements allowed at a joint

- maximum of 3

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9
Q

kinematic chain

A

series of articulated segmented links

- connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot

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10
Q

open kinematic chain

A

distal segment of chain is NOT fixed to the earth or immovable object
- foot is free to move

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11
Q

closed kinematic chain

A

distal segment is fixed to the earth or another immovable object
- proximal is free to move

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12
Q

arthrokinematics

A

motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of joints

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13
Q

Fundamental movements between joints

A

roll
slide
spin

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14
Q

Roll

A

multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

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15
Q

slide

A

a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

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16
Q

spin

A

a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface

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17
Q

Arthrokinematic principles of movement

A

for a convex-on-concave surface movement, the convex member rolls and slides in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
- for a concave-on-concave surface movement, the concave member rolls and slides in SIMILAR DIRECTIONS

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18
Q

accessory motions

A

“joint play”

  • slight passive translations that occur in most joints
  • 3 linear directions corresponding to 3 axes of rotation
  • test for stability
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19
Q

close-packed positions at a joint

A

the position of maximal congruency

  • where most ligaments and parts of the capsule are pulled taut, providing stability
  • usually in very end ROM
  • LE = standing and habitual function
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20
Q

loose-packed positions at joint

A

all other positions that aren’t close-packed

  • ligaments are relatively slackened allowing an increase in accessory movements
  • LE = flexion and extension
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21
Q

kinetics

A

describes the effect of forces on the body

F = m x a

22
Q

Tension

A

application of one or more forces that pulls apart or separates a material
- distraction force

23
Q

compression

A

application of one or more forces that press an object(s) together
- tends to shorten and widen a material

24
Q

bending

A

effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles to it long axis
- compressed on concave side and tension on convex side

25
Q

shear

A

forces on a material that act in opposite but parallel directions

26
Q

torsion

A

application of a force that twists a material about its longitudinal axis

27
Q

combined loading

A

combination of different forces applied to an object

28
Q

stress

A

internal resistance generated as a tissue resists its deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area

29
Q

strain

A

ratio of the tissue’s deformation length to its original length
- lengthening = stretched length:original length

30
Q

stiffness

A

ratio of stress to strain in an elastic material

31
Q

viscoelastic

A

tissues in which the stress-strain curve changes as a function of time

32
Q

creep

A

progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time
- reason we are taller in the morning

33
Q

rate of loading

A

a quality of viscoelastic material

  • stiffness increases with increasing rate of loading
  • ex: articular cartilage in knee becomes stiffer during running
34
Q

internal forces

A

produced from structures located within the body

- may be active(stimulated muscle) or passive(stretched tissue)

35
Q

external forces

A

produced by forces acting from outside the body

- ex: gravity, external loads, physical contact

36
Q

angle of insertion

A

angle between the tendon and the bone

37
Q

joint reaction force

A

push or pull produced by one joint surface against another

38
Q

static linear equilibrium

A

no linear movement due to the balancing of forces

internal forces = external forces

39
Q

productive antagonism

A

phenomenon in which relatively low levels of tension within stretched connective tissues performs a useful function

  • plyometrics
  • stretched muscle aids in contraction
40
Q

moment arm

A

the shortest distance between the axis of rotation and the force

41
Q

torque

A

the product of a force and its moment arm

- rotational force

42
Q

internal torque

A

the product of the internal force and the internal moment arm
- IMA = the distance between the axis of rotation and the perpendicular intersection with the internal force

43
Q

external torque

A

the product of the external force and the external moment arm

44
Q

static rotary equilibrium

A

no rotation occurs at the joint due to the balancing of torques

45
Q

synergist

A

muscles that stabilizes to prevent unwanted motion

46
Q

force-coupled

A

formed when 2 or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions, although the torques act in the same rotary direction
- working together(but in different directions) to rotate

47
Q

mechanical advantage

A

the ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm
MA = IMA/EMA
- muscles generally produce forces several times larger than the external loads that oppose them

48
Q

1st class lever

A

axis of rotation positioned between two forces

  • see-saw
  • may have a MA1
49
Q

2nd class lever

A

axis of rotation is located at one end of a bone

  • internal force possesses greater leverage than the external force
  • ex: wheel-barrel, standing on toes at ankle
  • always have a MA>1
  • internal force always has advantage
50
Q

3rd class lever

A

axis of rotation located at one end of a bone

  • external weight has a greater leverage than the muscle force
  • ex: elbow flexors
  • most common in body
  • always have a MA<1

Kinesiology (8 decks)

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