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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Acid

A

Compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

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2
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

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3
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer

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4
Q

Amino acids

A

Building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain

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5
Q

Anion

A

Atom with a negative charge

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6
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

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7
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

Base

A

Compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

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9
Q

Bond

A

Electrical force linking atoms

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10
Q

Buffer

A

Solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

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11
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

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12
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

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13
Q

Cation

A

Atom with a positive charge

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14
Q

Chemical energy

A

Form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken

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15
Q

Colloid

A

Liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

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16
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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17
Q

Concentration

A

Number of particles within a given space

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18
Q

Covalent bond

A

Chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells

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19
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms

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20
Q

Denaturation

A

Change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

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21
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information

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22
Q

Disaccharide

A

Pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond

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23
Q

Disulfide bond

A

Covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine

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24
Q

Electron shell

A

Area of space a given distance from an atom’s nucleus in which electrons are grouped

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25
Q

Electron

A

Subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus

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26
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

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27
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

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28
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components

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29
Q

Functional group

A

Group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms

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30
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom

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31
Q

Inorganic compound

A

Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

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32
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction between an anion and a cation

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33
Q

Ion

A

Atom with an overall positive or negative charge

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34
Q

Isotope

A

One of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other

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35
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of its motion

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36
Q

Lipid

A

Class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water

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37
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large molecule formed by covalent bonding

38
Q

Mass number

A

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

39
Q

Matter

A

Physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass

40
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together

41
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar

42
Q

Neutron

A

Heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

43
Q

Nucleotide

A

Class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base

44
Q

Organic compound

A

Substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

45
Q

pH

A

Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

46
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

47
Q

Periodic table of elements

A

Arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table

48
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride

49
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound

50
Q

Polar molecule

A

Molecule with regions that have opposite changes resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond

51
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds

52
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

53
Q

Product

A

One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

54
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes

55
Q

Protein

A

Class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

56
Q

Proton

A

Heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

57
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

58
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil

59
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes

60
Q

Reactant

A

One or more substances that enter into the reaction

61
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

62
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent

63
Q

Steroid (also, sterol)

A

Lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules

64
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant in an enzymatic reaction

65
Q

Suspension

A

Liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle over time

66
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule

67
Q

Triglyceride

A

Lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid and chains

68
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost electron shell of an atom

69
Q

Periodic table of elements

A

Arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table

70
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride

71
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound

72
Q

Polar molecule

A

Molecule with regions that have opposite changes resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond

73
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds

74
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

75
Q

Product

A

One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

76
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes

77
Q

Protein

A

Class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

78
Q

Proton

A

Heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus

79
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

80
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil

81
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes

82
Q

Reactant

A

One or more substances that enter into the reaction

83
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

84
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent

85
Q

Steroid (also, sterol)

A

Lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules

86
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant in an enzymatic reaction

87
Q

Suspension

A

Liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle over time

88
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule

89
Q

Triglyceride

A

Lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid and chains

90
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost electron shell of an atom

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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