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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Acid

A

Compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

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2
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

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3
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer

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4
Q

Amino acids

A

Building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain

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5
Q

Anion

A

Atom with a negative charge

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6
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

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7
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

Base

A

Compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

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9
Q

Bond

A

Electrical force linking atoms

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10
Q

Buffer

A

Solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

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11
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

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12
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

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13
Q

Cation

A

Atom with a positive charge

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14
Q

Chemical energy

A

Form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken

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15
Q

Colloid

A

Liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

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16
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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17
Q

Concentration

A

Number of particles within a given space

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18
Q

Covalent bond

A

Chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells

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19
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms

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20
Q

Denaturation

A

Change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

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21
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information

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22
Q

Disaccharide

A

Pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond

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23
Q

Disulfide bond

A

Covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine

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24
Q

Electron shell

A

Area of space a given distance from an atom’s nucleus in which electrons are grouped

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25
Electron
Subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus
26
Element
Substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means
27
Enzyme
Protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions
28
Exchange reaction
Type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components
29
Functional group
Group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms
30
Hydrogen bond
Dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom
31
Inorganic compound
Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
32
Ionic bond
Attraction between an anion and a cation
33
Ion
Atom with an overall positive or negative charge
34
Isotope
One of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other
35
Kinetic energy
Energy that matter possesses because of its motion
36
Lipid
Class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water
37
Macromolecule
Large molecule formed by covalent bonding
38
Mass number
Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
39
Matter
Physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass
40
Molecule
Two or more atoms covalently bonded together
41
Monosaccharide
Monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar
42
Neutron
Heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom’s nucleus
43
Nucleotide
Class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base
44
Organic compound
Substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
45
pH
Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution
46
Peptide bond
Covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids
47
Periodic table of elements
Arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table
48
Phospholipid
A lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride
49
Phosphorylation
Addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound
50
Polar molecule
Molecule with regions that have opposite changes resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond
51
Polysaccharide
Compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds
52
Potential energy
Stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components
53
Product
One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction
54
Prostaglandin
Lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes
55
Protein
Class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
56
Proton
Heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus
57
Purine
Nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine
58
Pyrimidine
Nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil
59
Radioactive isotope
Unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes
60
Reactant
One or more substances that enter into the reaction
61
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein
62
Solution
Homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent
63
Steroid (also, sterol)
Lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules
64
Substrate
Reactant in an enzymatic reaction
65
Suspension
Liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle over time
66
Synthesis reaction
Type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule
67
Triglyceride
Lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid and chains
68
Valence shell
Outermost electron shell of an atom
69
Periodic table of elements
Arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table
70
Phospholipid
A lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride
71
Phosphorylation
Addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound
72
Polar molecule
Molecule with regions that have opposite changes resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond
73
Polysaccharide
Compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds
74
Potential energy
Stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components
75
Product
One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction
76
Prostaglandin
Lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes
77
Protein
Class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
78
Proton
Heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus
79
Purine
Nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine
80
Pyrimidine
Nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil
81
Radioactive isotope
Unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes
82
Reactant
One or more substances that enter into the reaction
83
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein
84
Solution
Homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent
85
Steroid (also, sterol)
Lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules
86
Substrate
Reactant in an enzymatic reaction
87
Suspension
Liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle over time
88
Synthesis reaction
Type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule
89
Triglyceride
Lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid and chains
90
Valence shell
Outermost electron shell of an atom

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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