Chapter 1 - An Introduction to the Human Body

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures.

Question 2

Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy

Answer 2

Study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

Question 4

Microscopic anatomy

Answer 4

Study of very small structures of the body using magnification.

Question 5

Physiology

Answer 5

Science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body functions.

Question 6

Regional anatomy

Answer 6

Study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

Question 7

Systemic anatomy

Answer 7

Study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

Question 8

Cell

Answer 8

Smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles.

Question 9

Organ

Answer 9

Functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissue

Question 10

Organ system

Answer 10

Group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

Question 11

Organism

Answer 11

Living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

Question 12

Tissue

Answer 12

Group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

Question 13

Anabolism

Answer 13

Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

Question 14

Catabolism

Answer 14

Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

Question 15

Development

Answer 15

Changes an organism goes through during its life

Question 16

Differentiation

Answer 16

Process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 17

Growth

Answer 17

Process of increasing size

Question 18

Metabolism

Answer 18

Sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions

Question 19

Renewal

Answer 19

Process by which worn-out cells are replaced

Question 20

Reproduction

Answer 20

Process by which new organisms are generated

Question 21

Responsiveness

Answer 21

Ability of an organism or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

Question 22

Nutrient

Answer 22

Chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

Question 23

Pressure

Answer 23

Force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

Question 24

Control center

Answer 24

Compared values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

Question 25

Effector

Answer 25

Organ that can cause a change in a value

Question 26

Normal range

Answer 26

Range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

Question 27

Sensor; also known as receptor

Answer 27

Reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

Question 28

Positive feedback

Answer 28

Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

Question 29

Negative feedback

Answer 29

Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

Question 30

Set point

Answer 30

Ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

Question 31

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer 31

Medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained

Question 32

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 32

Medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

Question 33

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 33

Medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues

Question 34

Ultrasonography

Answer 34

Application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs

Question 35

X-ray

Answer 35

Form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones