Chapter 2: The Changing Global Context Flashcards
capitalism
form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution and exchange of goods.
colonialism
the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society.
colonization
the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.
commodity chain
networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity
comparative advantage
in specializations that did not duplicate or compete with the domestic suppliers within core countries (e.g., tropical agricultural products like cocoa and bananas simply could not be grown in core countries).
division of labor
involved the specialization of different people, regions, and countries in certain kinds of economic activities.
environmental determinism
is a doctrine holding that human activities are shaped and constrained by the environment.
ethnocentrism
is the attitude that one’s own race and culture are superior to those of others.
external areas
regions not yet absorbed into the world-system
globalization
is the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period.
hearth areas
the five earliest location of urbanizations.
hegemony
domination over the world economy, exercised—through a combination of economic, military, financial, and cultural means—by one national state in a particular historical epoch.
hinterland
the sphere of economic influence- the area from which it collects products from which it collects products to be exported and through which it distributes imports.
imperialism
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
import substitution
copying and making goods previously available only by trading
jihad
is shorthand for cultural values that are underpinned by religious fundamentalism, traditional tribal allegiances, and opposition to Western materialism.
law of diminishing returns
as investment in a particular area increases, the rate of profit from that investment, after a certain point, cannot continue to increase if other variables remain at a constant.
leadership cycle
periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition.
minisystem
societies small in size, homogeneous, and relatively simple in structure.
neocolonialism
refers to economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people.
pandemic
an epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death.
peripheral regions
are characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity.
plantations
large landholdings that usually specialize in the production of one particular crop for market.
resilience
the ability of people, organizations or systems to prepare for, respond, recover from and thrive in the face of hazards. The goal is to ensure the continuity and advancement of economic prosperity, business success, environmental quality, and human well-being, despite external threats.
risk society
the significance of wealth distribution is being eclipsed by the distribution of risk and in which politics—both domestic and international—is increasingly about avoiding hazards.
semiperipheral regions
Regions that have the ability to exploit peripheral regions, but are being exploited by the core regions.
slash-and-burn
method of growing food in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned. The resulting layer of ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich layer to help fertilize crops
spatial justice
the distribution of society’s benefits and burdens at different spatial scales, taking into account both variations in people’s need and in their contribution to the production of wealth and social well-being.
sustainability
the interdependence of the economy, the environment, and social well-being
transnational corporations
investments and activities that span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several coun- tries.
urbanization
the population shift from rural to urban areas
world-empire
dominion over a sizeable part of. the globe and a correspondingly sizeable part of its inhabitants.
world-system
is an interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition.
