Chapter 2: The Changing Global Context Flashcards
capitalism
form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution and exchange of goods.
colonialism
the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society.
colonization
the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.
commodity chain
networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity
comparative advantage
in specializations that did not duplicate or compete with the domestic suppliers within core countries (e.g., tropical agricultural products like cocoa and bananas simply could not be grown in core countries).
division of labor
involved the specialization of different people, regions, and countries in certain kinds of economic activities.
environmental determinism
is a doctrine holding that human activities are shaped and constrained by the environment.
ethnocentrism
is the attitude that one’s own race and culture are superior to those of others.
external areas
regions not yet absorbed into the world-system
globalization
is the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period.
hearth areas
the five earliest location of urbanizations.
hegemony
domination over the world economy, exercised—through a combination of economic, military, financial, and cultural means—by one national state in a particular historical epoch.
hinterland
the sphere of economic influence- the area from which it collects products from which it collects products to be exported and through which it distributes imports.
imperialism
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
import substitution
copying and making goods previously available only by trading
jihad
is shorthand for cultural values that are underpinned by religious fundamentalism, traditional tribal allegiances, and opposition to Western materialism.
law of diminishing returns
as investment in a particular area increases, the rate of profit from that investment, after a certain point, cannot continue to increase if other variables remain at a constant.
leadership cycle
periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition.
minisystem
societies small in size, homogeneous, and relatively simple in structure.
neocolonialism
refers to economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people.
pandemic
an epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death.
peripheral regions
are characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity.
plantations
large landholdings that usually specialize in the production of one particular crop for market.
