Chapter 2: The Body's Physical Systems

Question 1

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 1

A division of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the internal organs. It has two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Question 2

Brainstem

Answer 2

The lowest portion of the brain, located at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the midbrain, reticular system, pons, and medulla.

Question 3

Central Nervous System

Answer 3

That part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 4

Cerebellum

Answer 4

A large portion of the brain that coordinates motor activities and maintains body balance.

Question 5

Cerebrum

Answer 5

The upper and largest portion of the human brain. It has primary control over motor and mental activity.

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

A part of the forebrain that contains control centres for many body functions, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity.

Question 7

Limbic System

Answer 7

A set of structures in the forebrain that seems to play a role in emotional expression.

Question 8

Neurotransmitter

Answer 8

A chemical involved in the transmission of impulses across the synapse from one neuron to another.

Question 9

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 9

A division of the autonomic nervous system that helps the body conserve energy and restore the normal body state after arousal.

Question 10

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 10

The network of nerve fibres that carries messages between the central nervous system and the skin, skeletal muscles, and internal organs. This network has two parts: the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Question 11

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 11

A division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory and motor impulses.

Question 12

Spinal Cord

Answer 12

The major neural pathway that carries impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 13

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 13

A division of the autonomic nervous system that enables the body to mobilize and expend energy during physical and emotional arousal.

Question 14

Thalmus

Answer 14

A structure in the forebrain that serves as a relay station for sensory impulses to and commands from the cerebrum.

Question 15

Adrenal Glands

Answer 15

Endocrine glands that secrete several hormones, such as cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that are involved in stress reactions.

Question 16

Endocrine System

Answer 16

An array of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 17

Hormones

Answer 17

Chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands that affect body functions and behaviour.

Question 18

Pituitary Gland

Answer 18

An endocrine gland that has connections to the brain and secretes hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete.

Question 19

Digestive System

Answer 19

The network of organs that processes ingested food by breaking it down for the body’s use and excreting the remains.

Question 20

Enzymes

Answer 20

Substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions in cells.

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

The chemical reactions of the body’s cells that synthesize new cell material, regulate body processes, and create energy.

Question 22

Respiratory System

Answer 22

A network of organs that supply oxygen for metabolism and expel carbon dioxide.

Question 23

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 23

A condition in which fatty patches have accumulated and hardened onto artery walls, thereby reducing the elasticity of these walls.

Question 24

Atherosclerosis

Answer 24

The condition in which fatty patches (plaques) form on artery walls.

Question 25

Blood Pressure

Answer 25

The force of the blood against the inner walls of the arteries.

Question 26

Cardiovascular System

Answer 26

A network of organs that circulates blood to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and removes wastes and other substances.

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Fatty materials, such as the cholesterol found in blood.

Question 28

Antibodies

Answer 28

Protein molecules created to protect against specific antigens in body fluids.

Question 29

Antibody-mediated Immunity

Answer 29

The immune process that employs antibodies to attack antigens while they are still in body fluids and before they have invaded the cells

Question 30

Antigen

Answer 30

Any substance that can trigger the immune system to respond.

Question 31

B-Cells

Answer 31

Lymphocytes that lead to the formation of antibodies.

Question 32

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 32

The immune process that operates at the cellular level, using T cells to attack infected cells.

Question 33

Immune system

Answer 33

The organs and structures that protect the body against harmful substances or agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Question 34

Lymphocytes

Answer 34

Various types of white blood cells that have several important functions in the body’s immune response.

Question 35

Phagocytes

Answer 35

Certain types of white blood cells that engulf and ingest any kind of invading particles.

Question 36

T-Cells

Answer 36

A class of lymphocytes; some attack antigens directly, and some work to regulate other immune functions.