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PSYCH207 > Chapter 2: Structure & Function > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenetic Division

A

Groups parts of the brain based on developmental history and evolutionary history
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

Brain Stem

A

Medulla and pons (in hindbrain), + midbrain and some structures of the forebrain

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3
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Transmits info from spinal cord to brain & regulates life support functions (respiration, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, heart rate, vomiting)

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4
Q

Pons

A

Neural relay center, facilitates crossover of info between left side of body and right side of brain (and vice versa)
Also involved in balance and processing visual and auditory info

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Neurons coordinate muscular activity, balance, general motor behaviour/coordination
One of most primitive brain structures
Lesions can cause irregular/jerky movements, tremors, balance impairments
Implicated in ability to shift attention between visual and auditory stimuli, and dealing with temporal stimuli (e.g. rhythm)

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6
Q

Midbrain

A

Located in middle of brain
Tectum & tegmentum
Reticular formation

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7
Q

Tectum & Tegmentum

A

Involved in relaying info between brain regions (e.g. cerebellum and forebrain)

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8
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Keeps us awake and alert, involved in sudden arousal to respond to threat

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9
Q

Forebrain: Subcortical Structures

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cerebellum
Medulla
Spinal cord
Entorhinal cortex
Olfactory bulb

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10
Q

Thalamus

A

Switching station for sensory information; also involved in memory

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11
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates basic biological functions, including hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual arousal; also involved in emotions

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12
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in learning, memory and emotions (indexing system for memories, search engine)

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13
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in memory, basic emotion, and aggression (+ emotional reactivity of memories)

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14
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Transmits signals between brain and rest of the body

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15
Q

Entorhinal Cortex

A

Memory

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16
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Smell

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17
Q

Cerebral Cortex Lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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18
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Half dozen layers of neurons with white matter beneath, which carries info between cortex and thalamus or between cortex parts
Corpus Callosum
Anterior Commisure
Central Sulcus
Lateral Sulcus

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19
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects right and left hemispheres frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes

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20
Q

Anterior Commisure

A

Connects left and right hemispheres of temporal lobe

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21
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Prominent shadow groove on surface of brain divides frontal and parietal lobes

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22
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Defines the temporal lobe

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23
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Underneath forehead
thinking, speaking, memory, movement
Motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Higher order cognition closest to the front of the brain

24
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Precentral gyrus
Directs fine motor movements, premotor cortex involved in planning movement

25
Prefrontal Cortex
Executive functioning (planning, decisions, strategies, inhibiting behaviours, working memory) Damage can cause change in personality, mood, affect, inhibition Longest period of maturation, first to go with aging
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Parietal Lobe
Underneath the top rear part of skull): processing sensory info, language, touch Contains somatosensory cortex (in postcentral gyrus)
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Gyrus
Convolution or ridge of the brain
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Occipital Lobe
Back of head Vision and colour perception Depth perception somewhere in the middle (not V1, but not right beside temporal) As get closer to temporal, functions to identify what things are (build percept)
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Temporal Lobe
Side of head Process auditory info and recognize faces (hearing, learning, feelings) Damage can result in memory issues (because close to hippocampus and amygdala)
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Localization of Function
Mapping the brain
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Faculty Psychology
Gall Theory that different mental abilities were independent and autonomous functions carried out in different parts of brain
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Phrenology
Spurzheim Theory that psychological strengths and weaknesses correlated to relative sizes of brain areas (bumps on the skull)
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Contradictions of Phrenology
Size of brain doesn’t correlate to its power Different faculties are not wholly independent (independence of functions)
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Paul Broca
Damage to Broca’s area (left frontal lobe) resulted in aphasia Aphasia: disruption of expressive language Broca’s Aphasia: person unable to produce many words or to speak fluently Does not affect comprehension
35
Carl Wernicke
Wernicke’s area: superior posterior region of temporal lobe (left) Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia): produce speech with fluent contours of pitch and rhythm, but speech makes no sense (issue with speech production) + impairments with ability to understand speech
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
More sensitive body parts (e.g. hands) take up more space (doesn’t correlate to size, but to sensitivity)
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Wilder Penfield
Stimulated areas of somatosensory cortex with patients awake to map function Mapped both sensory and motor cortexes
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Karl Lashley
Brain ablation: removal of parts of the brain Study brain ablation in rats learning to run mazes Impairment related to total amount of cortex removed, not the area removed Cognitive functions therefore must be dynamic and interconnected Plasticity: some brain regions can take over the function of damaged regions (more chance when young)
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Lateralization
Two cerebral hemispheres play different roles when it comes to certain cognitive functions like language
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Language Lateralization
Most show specialization for language in left hemisphere In these people left hemisphere is more likely to be larger, especially in language areas (left hemisphere dominance) Bilateralized individuals show no difference in hemispheres
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Left Hemisphere
Left hemisphere is better at processing serially (events in sequence) E.g. words in a sentence
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Right Hemisphere
Right hemisphere more synthetic (put elements together to make a whole) E.g. constructing maps or spatial structures, drawing sketches Right hemisphere has larger parietal and temporal lobes Better integration of visual and auditory info and better spatial processing in the right Associated with working on geometric puzzles, navigation around familiar spaces, musical ability
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Accuracy
Give the subject info and see how well they can hold onto it over time
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Time (Reaction Time)
When accuracy is virtually perfect, because events occur over time in the mind
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Briefly anesthetize certain areas of the brain Repeated magnetic pulse used to stimulate or inhibit regions of the brain temporarily Simulates a degree of brain damage Helps to determine what parts of the brain do what What cognitive operations are independent from each other
46
Brain Lesions
Examine a group with similar lesions (typically examine control group of patients with different lesions) What cognitive operations are spared/affected Examine a group of individuals with similar cognitive impairment Examine the brain regions common to this deficit
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Neuroanatomy Imaging Techniques
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
Highly focused beam of x rays passes through the body from many angles Differing densities of organs deflect the rays differently, allowing visualization Results in 9-12 ‘slices’ of the brain each taken at different level of depth Recent hemorrhages identified by blood, older brain damage by areas of cerebrospinal fluid Static picture of the brain
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
No exposure to radiation and permits clearer pictures than CAT Radio waves cause centers of hydrogen atoms to align themselves, computers record and create a 3D image People with pacemakers cannot have an MRI (electrical fields in pacemaker interfered with by MRI) Static picture of the brain
50
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Can be used to detect states of consciousness Electrodes on scalp detect continuous measure of brain activity
51
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Measures changes in magnetic fields generated by electrical activity of neurons Magnetic equivalent of EEG Gives more precise localization of brain activity than EEG
52
Event-Related Potential (ERP)
Measures area of brain’s response to a specific event (electrical activity) Electrodes on scalp, presented with external stimuli, record brain activity from before stimulus to some time after Don’t tell you exactly where activity is happening
53
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Inject radioactive compound (radioisotopes of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) Measure blood flow to different regions of brain (when area is active more blood flows to it) Reconstruction of a picture of a brain, shows which areas are most active at different points in time Variation of PET involves measures local metabolic changes instead of blood flow (uses fluorodeoxyglucose)
54
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Technique to measure cerebral blood flow (similar to PET) Doesn’t require some of the expensive equipment of PET
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Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Blood has magnetic properties and becomes less magnetic farther away from the heart Active brain regions show change in ratio of oxygenated vs not blood Subtraction technique Subtract a control state from a task state to determine the relative amount of activation in a brain region Slow because measures the bi product of the electrical activity (must wait for neurons to consume oxygenated blood, then the slow inflow of new blood)
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Blood oxygenation level dependent function (BOLD)
Measures the properties of oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood Slower than you’d expect (for other metabolic measures too)

PSYCH207 (12 decks)

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