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AP Human Geography > Chapter 2 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

A

Agricultural Density

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2
Q

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

A

Agricultural Revolution

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3
Q

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

A

Arithmetic Density

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4
Q

A periodic and official count of a country’s population.

A

Census

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5
Q

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

A

Crude birth rate

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6
Q

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

A

Crude Death rate

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7
Q

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

A

Demographic Transition

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8
Q

The scientific study of population characteristics.

A

Demography

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9
Q

The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Children under 14 need to be fed and cared for by the middle aged, and the Elders as well.

A

Dependency Ratio

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10
Q

The number of years needed to double a
population, assuming a constant rate of
natural increase.

A

Doubling Time

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11
Q

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

A

Epidemiologic Transition

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12
Q

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

A

Epidemiology

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13
Q

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

A

Ecumene

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14
Q

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

A

Industrial Revolution

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15
Q

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society.

A

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

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16
Q

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

A

Life Expectancy

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17
Q

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

A

Medical Revolution

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18
Q

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Right now, it is 1.2%

A

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

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19
Q

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living and number of supportable resources.

A

Overpopulation

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20
Q

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

A

Pandemic

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21
Q

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

A

Physiological Density

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22
Q

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. It is shaped by birth rate.

A

Population Pyramid

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23
Q

Description of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live.

A

Population Distribution

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24
Q

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of phenomenon such as population.

A

Dot Map

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25
Q

Term used to designate large caolescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world

A

Megalopolis

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26
Q

A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given pop.

A

Infant Mortality Rate

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27
Q

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given pop.

A

Child Mortality Rate

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28
Q

Level at which a national pop. ceases to grow.

A

Stationary Population Level

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29
Q

Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education.

A

Population Composition

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30
Q

Generally long lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies.

A

Chronic Disease

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31
Q

Gov. policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase.

A

Restrictive Population Policies

Antinatal

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32
Q

Gov. policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of pop. growth.

A

Expansive Population Policies

Pronatal

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33
Q

Generally long lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies.

A

Eugenic Population Policies

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34
Q

Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions.

A

AIDS

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35
Q

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Highest areas are in Japan, Europe (N,W) and Canada. Lowest in Afghanistan, and Sub Saharan Africa.

A

Life Expectancy

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36
Q

The number of males per 100 females in a population

A

Sex Ratio

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37
Q

The aver number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

A

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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38
Q

A decline in the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
(Equilibrium)(CDR⇌CBR)

A

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

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39
Q

1st Most populated region and country

A

East asia, China

40
Q

Second most populated region

A

South Asia, India

41
Q

Third Most populated

A

Europe

42
Q

Fourth Most populated

A

SE Asia

43
Q

Characteristics of LDCs

A

High NIR
High fertility rate
Most are in stage 2 to 3

44
Q

Stage 1, Describe this stage.

A

CDR, CBR Flucuates. Due to high birth rates and frequent famines and diesases. No country is in this stage today.

45
Q

Stage 2, Describe what happens and why. Give the shape on the population pyramid and give the dependency ratio. Give what type of countries are in the stage.

A

Population Boom (Most increase in NIR)
Many undeveloped countries are in this stage.
Caused by healthier sanitation and healthcare.
Pyramid shaped more like a triangle. Strong dependency occur in youth. The Life expectency goes UP. The gap between the DR and BR is huge.

46
Q

Stage 3, Describe what happens and why. Give the shape on the population pyramid and give the dependency ratio. Give what type of countries are in the stage.

A

The birth rate drops.
Most common in Semi-LDC countries
Birth rate drops due urbanization and having less children in general.
PYRAMID: Shaped like a vase. it is wide in the mid-age groups. Mid to low dependency exist.
The gap between the DR and BR is getting smaller.

47
Q

Stage 4, Describe what happens and why. Give the shape on the population pyramid and give the dependency ratio. Give what type of countries are in the stage.

A

Most MDC are in this stage,
CBR and CDR eventually reach equilibrium. (0 pop growth)
Due to more women entering work force and education. In soem countries, CDR>CBR and they expierence NEGATIVE POPULATION GROWTH.
Pyramid: Shaped evenly, more dependency occur in elderly.

48
Q

When one gender group outnumber the others. Give an example of a country that expiernece it.

A

Gender imbalance.

China

49
Q

Karl Marx’s theory on population

A

Population and agriculture don’t go together. Since Capitalism is flawed

50
Q

Neo Malthusion beliefs

A

Malthus is wrong about the Agriculture due to green revolution.
Although, he was correct on population.

51
Q

Malthus’s theory

A

Population is growing exponentially (Or Geometrically) and agriculture is growing at a linear pace. eventually everyone is going to starve.

52
Q

Esther Boserup’s Theory

A

Increase in Population equals increase in food production.

53
Q

Stage 1 of the Epidemiologic Transition

A

Widespread diseases such as the black plague

54
Q

Stage 2 of the Epidemiologic Transition

A

Clustered and controlled diseases such as cholera in England.

55
Q

Stage 3 and 4 of the Epidemiologic Transition

A

Degenerative diseases such as cancer and Cardiovascular diseases.

56
Q

The intensity of the movement of youths up a step in the demographic pyramid

A

Demographic Momentum

57
Q

Happened 10000 years ago. This caused the first population boom

A

Agricultural Revolution

58
Q

The second population boom, happened 200 years ago. Name the two.

A

Medical and Industrial Revolution

59
Q

This region of the world is growing the fastest.

A

LDC

60
Q

This region of the world is growing the slowest or stabilizing.

A

MDC

61
Q

Stage 5 of the Epidemiologic transition

A

Infectious and widespread diseases are mutating to counter the effects of medicine, thus infecting people again.

62
Q

Encouraging people to raise the Birth rate in the effort to raise the population. How do they do this?

A

Pronatal Population policy. Usually by paying the mother who gives birth by the government.

63
Q

Discouraging or restricting people (Women) on having children. Give one example.

A

Antinatal population policy. Once child policy in China.

64
Q

A population policy in which a certain group is allowed and encouraged or required to be homogenous (Same) throughout the region/country

A

Eugenics

65
Q

Every type of movement from one place to another.

A

Mobility

66
Q

A permanent move to a new location

A

Migration

67
Q

People that are forced out of their home due to political turmoil, war, and any other cultural/political issue.

A

Refugee

68
Q

A model that applies to the demographic transition in which describes the movement of people in each stage.

A

Zelinsky’s Model of Migration

69
Q

What happens in Stage 1 of the Model of Migration?

A

People move widespread due to hunting and gathering (Most commonly).

70
Q

What Happens in stage 2 of the model of migration?

A

Increase in population is bogging the economy down, so people move internationally to seek new economic opportunities (Jobs).

71
Q

What happens in Stage 3 and 4 of the model of migration?

A

People move internally seeking jobs and a good climate. Usually a destination country.

72
Q

A type of migration when people CHOOSE to move. Usually economic.

A

Voluntary Migration

73
Q

A type of migration involving refugees, being pushed out due to war, political turmoil… etc.

A

Involuntary migration

74
Q

What happened during the first Era of US immigration?

A

Migrants come because of religious and economic freedom, and Africans are traded as slaves.

75
Q

What happened during the Second Era AND Third era (late 19th century) of US immigration?

A

North and Eastern Europeans come to work in the industry. Chinese immigrants worked on rails.
Third: South and eastern Europeans come.

76
Q

Most common migrants to the US during the early 20th centuryWhat happened during the Second Era of US immigration?

A

South and East Europeans

77
Q

Why did so many Europeans come to the US?

A

Economic opportunities and Since the US is entering stage 2 due to the Industrial Revolution.

78
Q

When the country’s most skilled workers migrate out of that country.

A

Brain Drain

79
Q

What did the Quota law of 1920 do?

A

Limited the S and the E Europeans, and banned the Chinese.

80
Q

When migrants move to a new place based on family or communication members who have already moved. Also, which groups were the most involved?

A

Chain migration, asians.

81
Q

A factor that makes a person wanting to migrate out of a country. (Natural disasters… etc.)

A

Push factor

82
Q

A factor that attracts people into a country.

A

Pull factor

83
Q

What is Interregional migration? What is the most common type and examples

A

Movement into another region, such as moving into the sun belt due to many more service jobs.

84
Q

What is Intraregional migration? And what is an example?

A

Movement within a region. Urbanization.

85
Q

What is the 1986 immigration and reform act?

A

Allow the undocumented immigrants to be legal for a period of time.

86
Q

Workers who are granted legal visas that expires in a period of time. After it expires, the worker must return to the origin country. Mostly from Neighbouring LDCs that work in poor jobs.

A

Guest Worker

87
Q

When a migrant stops at a city before his/her destination and decides to live there do to his/her favour.

A

Intervening opportunity.

88
Q

Halts migration due to a negative cultural or environmental factor.

A

Intervening obstacle.

89
Q

What did the Quota act of 1921 do?

A

Limited people from countries to 3% max.

90
Q

What did the national origins act do?

A

Changed the admittance % to 2% per country

91
Q

What is our current quota? Ans who does the government allow?

A

620000 and 7% from a country. Allows to reunite families and skilled workers.

92
Q

Why did the center of migration move West AND South?

A

West due to expansion and south due to more service type jobs.

93
Q

When people move to suburbs for more living space and a change in lifestyle.

A

Suburbanization

94
Q

When people start moving into cities, also the most common intraregional migration

A

urbanization

95
Q

People who are against urbanization decides to move to urban areas so they can have a farm life.

A

Counterurbanization.

96
Q

Wilbur Zelinsky

A

The guy who developed the theories on migration in correlation of the demographic transition model.

97
Q

Ernst Ravenstein, what are his two theories?

A

Most migrants relocate a short distance remain in the same country.
Long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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