AP Huge Cumulative final review Flashcards
age distribution
(population pyramid) two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing the number of females in a particular population in five-year cohorts. This is important because you can tell from the age distribution important characteristics of a country, high guest worker population, war, epidemics, and more
carrying capacity
the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water, and other life infrastructure present. This is important because it tells how many people an area can support
cohort
a population of various consecutive ages in an age-sex population pyramid. This is important because this can tell whether the country is in stage 3 or stage 5 in the demographic transition model
demographic equation
the formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase/decrease in a population. The formuls is found by doign births minus deaths plus/minus net migration. This is important because it helps to deterime which stage in the demographic transitoin model a country is in
demographic momentum
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a feritlity decline because of their youth age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transitoin model
demographic regions
an area of land with a population in concurring stages of the demographic transition model. This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition
demographic transition model
made of 5 stages. Stage 1 is low growth. Stage 2 is high growth. Stage 3 is moderate/declining growth. Stage 4 is low growth. Stage 5 is not an official stage, but it includes zero or negative population growth. This is important because this is the way our country and other countries around the world are transformed from a less developed to a more developed country
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in ther productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For example, the larger population of dependents, the greater the financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot
diffusion of fertility control
the average number of children a mother is having in a particular area. This helps to see where countries are growing rapidly and where countries are leveling off
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in ther productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For example, the larger population of dependents, the greater the financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot
doubling time
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. This is important for projecting the countries future population
ecumene
the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. This is important because it tells how much land is taken and how much is open for growth
epidemiological transition model
the part of the demographic transition model concerned with the death rate and its changes/reasons for changing. This is important because it can explain how a country’s population changes so dramatically
gendered space
any area where the sexes are spatially separated
gendered space
any area where the sexes are spatially separated
j-curve
the population projection according to exponential growth (named for its shape). This is important because if a population grows exponentially, the resource use and resource/food demands will grow exponentially as well
maladaptation
an adaptation that has become less helpful than before, but not harmful
Malthus, Thomas
one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food for the population. THis is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunningn our carrying capacity in terms of food production because of our exponential population
mortality
two ways of measurement: infant mortality and life expectancy. The IMR reflects a country’s health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live. This is important because a country’s mortality rates can be applied to determine other features of the country
natality
(CBR) the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed as the number of births in a year per 1000 people alive. This is important because for the number of babies a country pops out and how fast they can grow.
neo-Malthuism
a theory tht builds upon Malthus’ thoughts of overpopulation, but takes into account increases of LDCs’ population growth and outstripping of resouces other than food
overpopulation
the state of a population, such as the entire Earth, when it exceeds the carrying capacity
population densities
the frequencies with which a population occupies its space
arithmetic density
total number of objects in a given area
physiological density
number of people per given unit of arable land
agricultural density
number of farmers per given unit of arable land
population distribution
the arrangement of people in space. Geographers prefer density, concentration, and pattern as the top three
population explosion
a sudden increase/burst in the population in a ceratain area or the whole world
population projection
a prediction of the future population in a ceratain area or the whole world
population pyramid
population display of two back to back gender bar graphs by cohorts of ages
rate of natural increase
the percentage by which a population grows in one year, excluding migration (CBR - CDR = NIR)
s-curve
the cylical movement upwards and downwards on a graph
sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females in a population
standard of living
the quality and quantity of goods and services avaliable to people and their distribution in a population
sustainability
providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and near future
underpopulation
having far less population than the carrying capacity; or a sharp drop/decrease in a region’s population
zero population growth
any time that the CBR and CDR are equal; the NIR is zero
activity space
space allotted for a certain industry or activity
chain migration
the process of one person migrating to a country being followed by other members of thier family
cyclic movement
trends in migration and other processes with a clear cycle
distance decay
when contact between two groups diminishes beacuse of the distance between them
forced migration
when people are displaced from their country because of war, natural disaster, or government
gravity model
a prediction for the optimal location of a service, on a direct relation to the number of people in the area and indirectly related to the distance people must travel to access it
internal migration
permanent movement within a country
intervening oppurtunity
an everinmental or cultural feature that halps migration
migration pattern
mobility with a common direction
intracontinental migration
permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent
intercontinental migration
permanent movement from one country to a different country on a different continent
interregional migration
permanent movement from one region of a country to another
rural-urban migration
permanent movement from suburbs and rural areas to a city
migratory movement
a nomadic or semi-constant movement from place to place, not often permanent but often cyclic and on some yearly routine
periodic movement
migration that occurs based on certain time intervals, either long or short
personal space
an area of space commonly allotted for one individual based on cultural factors
place utility
the location of a product or service where it is most accessable to its consumers
push/pull factor
a factor that induces people to leave old places and move to new locations
refugee
a person forced to migrate from their home country and does not return for fear of persucution because of a difference between his/her and their home country’s current cultural opinions
space-time prism
a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs (eating, resting) and the means of mobility at our command.
step migration
permanent movement spread out into several simpler steps
transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
transmigration
the movement of people away from overpopulated regions to less crowded areas
voluntary migration
permanent movement undertaken with free will
Acculturation
Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage.
Assimilation
Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.
Cultural core/periphery pattern
The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of regions and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties.
Cultural Ecology
The geographic study of human environmental relationships.
Cultural Identity
One’s belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect.
Cultural Landscape
The visible imprint of human activity on the landsacape.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
Formal/uniform Region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
Core Region
Center of economic activity.
Periphery Region
Outlying region of economic activity.
Functional/nodal Region
Region organized at a node or focal point.
Vernacular/perceptual Region
(self-awareness) A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of one feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authotiry or power to other persons or places.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
Innovation Adoption
Study of how, why, and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture.
Maladaptive Diffusion
Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region may not in another.
Sequence Occupancy
Refers to such cultural succession and its lasting imprint proposed by Derwent Whittlesey.
Sequent Occupance
Notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Adaptive Strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life— food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
Anglo-American landscape
long rows of raods are laid out on the flat landscape in square or rectangular patterns; folk landscape
Characteristics
distinguishing traits, qualities, or properties
Architectural Form
The look of housing, effected by the available materials,the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time.
Built environment
the part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
Folk culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Folk food
food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
Folk house
the house stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area.
Folk songs
composed anonymously and transmitted orally. A song that is derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people; songs that tell a story or convey information about daily activities such as farming, life cycle events, or mysterious events such as strorms and earthquakes.
Folklore
The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.
Material culture
The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies.
Nonmaterial culture
Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects
Popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
Survey systems
A method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels, particularly for rural land, and wild or undeveloped land
Traditional architecture
folk housing forms found in areas inhabited by indigenous people. (wattle and daub in Africa, communal house in South Pacific)
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Indo-European languages
a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
Language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Language subfamily
group of languages with more commonality than a language family (indicates they have branched off more recently in history)
Lingua franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Linguistic diversity
a variety of languages used in an area
Monolingual
using or knowing only one language
Multilingual
using or knowing more than one language
Official language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
Pidgin
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Toponymy
The study of the origins and meaning of place-names
Acculturation
Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage.
Assimilation
Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.
Cultural core/periphery pattern
The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of regions and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties.
Cultural Ecology
The geographic study of human environmental relationships.
Cultural Identity
One’s belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect.
Cultural Landscape
The visible imprint of human activity on the landsacape.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
Formal/uniform Region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
Core Region
Center of economic activity.
Periphery Region
Outlying region of economic activity.
Functional/nodal Region
Region organized at a node or focal point.
Vernacular/perceptual Region
(self-awareness) A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of one feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authotiry or power to other persons or places.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
Innovation Adoption
Study of how, why, and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture.
Maladaptive Diffusion
Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region may not in another.
Sequence Occupancy
Refers to such cultural succession and its lasting imprint proposed by Derwent Whittlesey.
Sequent Occupance
Notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Adaptive Strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life— food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
Anglo-American landscape
long rows of raods are laid out on the flat landscape in square or rectangular patterns; folk landscape
Characteristics
distinguishing traits, qualities, or properties
Architectural Form
The look of housing, effected by the available materials,the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time.
Built environment
the part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
Folk culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Folk food
food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
Folk house
the house stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area.
Folk songs
composed anonymously and transmitted orally. A song that is derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people; songs that tell a story or convey information about daily activities such as farming, life cycle events, or mysterious events such as strorms and earthquakes.
Folklore
The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.
Material culture
The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies.
Nonmaterial culture
Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects
Popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
Survey systems
A method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels, particularly for rural land, and wild or undeveloped land
Traditional architecture
folk housing forms found in areas inhabited by indigenous people. (wattle and daub in Africa, communal house in South Pacific)
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Indo-European languages
a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
Language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Language subfamily
group of languages with more commonality than a language family (indicates they have branched off more recently in history)
Lingua franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Linguistic diversity
a variety of languages used in an area
Monolingual
using or knowing only one language
Multilingual
using or knowing more than one language
Official language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
Pidgin
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Toponymy
The study of the origins and meaning of place-names
Trade language
A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life. This is important to Human Geography because a lot of cultures around the world believe in Animism.
Buddhism
The third of the world’s major universalizing religions. It has 365 million adherents, especially in China and Southeast Asia. It is important because a large percent of the earth’s population follow Buddhism beliefs.
Cargo Cult Pilgrimage
Cargo Cult’s believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits. It takes place in Malanesia and is important to Human Geography because it is a big religious movement by a large number of people.
Christianity
Is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings or Jesus the Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. It is important to Human Geography because it is the most popular religion in the world.
Confucianism
Developed by earlier Chinese man Confucius, it is a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought. This is important to Human Geography because it has affected Chinese Civilizations tremendously.
Ethnic Religion
A religion with a rather concentrated distribution whose principles are likesly to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location where its adherents are located. This is important to Human Geography because most religions start off as Ethnic Religion.
Exclave/Enclave
An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country; an exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory. This is important to Human Geography because a lot of countries are within other countries.
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion. This is important to Human Geography because there are a lot of fundamentalists in all religions.
Geomancy
Is a method of predicion that interprets markings on the ground, or how handfuls of dirt land when someone tosses them. The Arabic tradition consists of sketching sixteen random lines of dots in sand. This is important to Human Geography because most farmers use a form of Geomancy.
Hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers. It is the fifth of the five pillars. It is important to Human Geography because just about all Islam followers try the pilgrimage there.
Hinduism
Created in India, it has approximately one billion followers. Unlike other religions, heaven is not always the ultimate goal in life. It is the third largest religion in the world behind Christianity and Islam. They talk about Karma (What goes around comes around). It is important to Human Geography because such a large number of people follow the religion and it is unlike any other one.
Interfaith Boundaries
The boundaries between the world’s major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism. This is not the same as Intrafaith boundaries which describes the boundaries within a major religion. This is important to Human Geography because it separates different groups of people for different reasons.
Islam
It means the submission to the will of god. It is a monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a key religious figure. It is the second largest religion in the world. This is important to Human Geography because it has impacted the world greatly, especially boundaries.
Jainism
Religion and philosphy originating in ancient India. It stresses spiritual independence and equality throughout all life. It affects Human Geography because a lot of people believe in it in India.
Judaism
It is the religion of ancient Hebrews, said to be one of the first monotheistic faiths. This is important to Human Geography because many other religions have been based off of it.
Landscapes of the dead
The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. This is important to Human Geography because it has always been important where people are buried.
Monotheism/Polytheism
Monotheism is the belief in one god and polytheism is the belief in many gods. This affects Human Geography because many religions spread throughout the world fall under these two categories.
Mormonism
A term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is important because a lot of peope around the world practice Mormonism.
Muslim Pilgrimage
If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca). They usually make the trip around Ramadan. This pilgrimage is also referred to as Hajj. It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.
Muslim Population
It is the religion of 1.3 billion people in the world. It is the predominant relgion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. Half of the world’s Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. It is important becuse Islam is one of the most popular religons practiced around the world.
Proselytic Religion
Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. There are three religions that practive this: they are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. To proselytize is to try to convert another person to your religion. This is important to Human Geography because there are three of the biggest reglions in the world. They are are practiced all over the world.
Reincarnation
The idea of reincarnation is that after this life, you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or human life. So, basically, what you do in this life will affect what your next life is like. This is commonly practiced by the Buddhists and the Hindus. This is important to Human Geography because these two religions are very important in the world.
Religion (groups, places)
One group is universalizing religions. These are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. All of these have different branches. There are also ethnic religions, such as Hindiuism, Daoism, and Confucianism. These religions are spread out throughout the world. This affects Human Geography because all regions throughout the world have a general religion.
Religious architectural styles
These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of religious statues. This is important to Human Geography because these styles affected most of the future styles for other civilizations.
Religious Conflict
This is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects Human Geography because there has been a lot of bloodshed over religious conflict.
Religious Culture Hearth
This is where most religions are born. Most major religons have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India, too. This is important to Human Geography beacuse where religions are created, civilizations are, too.
Religious Toponym
This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to Human Geography because many names mean significant things, including beliefs or cultures.
Sacred Space
Sacred space is the place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies. This is important to Human Geography because a lot of history has taken place at sacred spaces.
Secularism
This is the belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs. This is important to Human Geography because this has caused conflicts in a lot of different places, including politics.
Shamanism
This is the range of traditional beliefs and practices that claim the ability to cure, heal, and cause pain to people. This is important to Human Geography because it is thought as good and bad.
Sharia law
It is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles. This is important to Human Geography because it affects many people around Muslims around the world.
Shintoism
Said to be the way of god. It is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. It involves the worhsip of kami (a god). Not very significant anymore and lost importance to today. This is important to Human Geography because before WWII it was very popular and affected a lot of people in Japan.
Sikhism
Is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India. The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in Vahiguru. Emphasizes faith in god. This is important to Human geography because it is another minor religion in India that affects a lof ot people.
sunni
one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam, a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
shia
the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
taoism
philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
theocracy
the belief in government by divine guidance
universalizing
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location
zoroastrianism
dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity
Acculturation
the process by which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs of another cultural group.
Adaptive strategy
The unique way in which each culture uses it’s particular physical environment; Those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life - Food, clothing, shelter, and defense
Assimilation
the process by which a minority population reduces of loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society.
Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Cultural adaptation
The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice.
Cultural shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals
Ethnic cleansing
the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic group or religious group in an area by another more powerful ethnic or religious group in that area, so as to create an ethnically homogeneous region
Ethnic conflict
a war between ethnic groups, often as a result of ethnic nationalism
Ethnic conclave
a gathering of an ethnic group
Ethnic group
people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
Ethnic homeland
A sizeable area inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it
Ethnic landscape
the spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based
Ethnic neighborhood
an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
Ethnocentrism
conviction of the evident superiority of one’s own ethnic group
Ghetto
During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood within a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal or economic pressure
Plural Society
a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions
Race
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
Segregation
a measure of degree to which members of a minority group are not uniformly distributed among the total population
Social distance
a measure of the perceived degree of social separation between individuals, ethnic groups, neighborhoods or other groupings; the voluntary or enforced segregation of two or more distinct social groups for most activities
dowry death
In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride.
enfranchisment
the granting of freedom, voting rights, etc
gender
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
gender cap
label describing lack of understanding or shared premises and language b/w men and women.
infanticide
act of killing an infant
longevity gap
the gap between the life expectancy of men and women
maternal mortality rate
annual number of deaths of women during childbirth per 1,000 women.
Annexation
Incorporation of a territory into another geo-political entity.
Antarctica
Southernmost continent in the world. It has no permanent residents and doesn’t belong to any country.
Apartheid
Afrikaans for apartness, it was the segregation of blacks in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was created to keep the white minority in power and allow them to have almost total control over the black majority.
Balkanization
The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or break-up of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broke up into 7 countries countries between 1991-1995; it was the effect of the Balkan wars.
Border Landscape
There are two types of border landscapes, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border.
Boundary Disputes
Conflicts over location, size, and extent of borders between nations. There is conflict over where exactly the border is between the U.S. and Mexico, especially along the Rio Grande, because the river has changed course and moved, and it is the traditional border.
Boundary Origin
Boundaries often originated from old tribal lands and lands won in war. They were meant to establish claims to land and were often smaller historically.
Boundary Process
The process of creating boundaries.
Boundary Type
Many boundaries are natural boundaries, formed by rivers, mountains, etc. There are also political boundaries. These are often formed through war and compromise in treaties and agreements. Countries often form cultural boundaries that used to belong to a group’s cultural homeland. However, countries in Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere aren’t arranged by culture but politics, and Western countries turned their former colonies into nations without respect for culture.
Buffer State
A country lying between two powerful countries that are hostile to each other. An example is Mongolia, which serves as a buffer state between Russia and China.
Capital
Principle city in a state or country. The best place to locate a capital is at the center of a country, so it is a somewhat equal distance from all parts of the country.
Centrifugal
Religious, political, economic, conflict, etc. that causes disunity in a state.
Centripetal
An attitude that unifies people and enhances support for the state.
City-State
A region controlled by a city and that has sovereignty. They were more common in the middle ages and Renaissance period in Europe.
Colonialism
The attempt by a country to establish settlements and impose political and economic control and principles. It was a big thing in the 17th through 20th centruy for countries in Europe to take areas around the world and make them into colonies.
Confederation
Association of sovereign states by a treaty or agreement. It deals with issues, such as defense, foreign affairs, trade, and a common currency.
Conference of Berlin
Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country’s colonies.
Core/Periphery
Core countries have high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a convergence of trade flows. Periphery countries usually have less development and are poorer countries.
Decolonization
The movement of American/European colonies gaining independence. Some were peaceful struggles, while others became violent.
Devolution
Both the decentralization of a government from a unitary to a federal system or a fracturing of a government, like balkanization.
Domino Theory
The idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect. The domino theory was used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War, to justify American intervention around the world.
Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ); A sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. The country that controls the EEZ has rights to the fishing, whaling, etc., as well as, the raw material resources.
Electoral Regions
The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.
Enclave/Exclave
An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or lying within the boundaries of another country (Lesotho). An exclave is a country which is geographically seperated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (Azerbaijan).
Ethnic Conflict
A war between ethnic groups, often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources. Ethnic conflict often includes genocide. It can also be caused by boundary disputes.
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 27 democratic member states of Europe. The EU’s activities cover most areas of public policy, from economic policy to foreign affairs, defense, agriculture and trade. The European Union is the largest political and economic entity on the European continent, with around 500 million people and an estimated GDP of US is $13.4 trillion.
Federal
Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governing representative head. Federalism is the system in which the power to govern is shared between the national & state governments.
Forward Capital
A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. An example would be Brasília.
Frontier
A frontier is a zone where no state exercises complete political control. It is usually uninhabited or sparsely inhabited. It separates countries where a boundary cannot be found. A current example can be found between Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
Geopolitics
Geopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to international politics. It examines the political and strategic significance of geography, where geography is defined in terms of the location, size, and resources of places.
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the political party in power. The process is usually used to turn “too close to call” states into a party’s favor.
Global Commons
Global commons is that which no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life. A global common contains an infinite potential with regard to the understanding and advancement of the biology and society of all life. (Forests, oceans, land mass and cultural identity)
Heartland/Rimland
Heartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture. Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent.
Immigrant State
An immigrant state is a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Immigrant states are popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA.
International Organization
World organization: an international alliance involving many different countries.
Iron Curtain
A notional barrier that prevents the passage of information or ideas between political entities, in particular; the former Soviet and the West before the decline of communism after the political events in eastern Europe in 1989.
Irredentism
The doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related.
Israel/Palestine
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the ongoing dispute between Israelis and Palestinians, an enduring and explosive conflict.
Landlocked
Surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land.
Law of the Sea
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place from 1973 through 1982.
Lebanon
A country in the Middle East.
Mackinder, Halford J.
1861-1947, British geographer noted especially for his work in political geography. His writings include Democratic Ideas and Reality (1919).
Manifest Destiny
The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
Median-Line Principle
An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.
Microstate
A state or territory that is small in both size and population.
Ministate
Independent country that is very small in area and population.
Nation
A politcally organized body of people under a single government.
National Iconography
The branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images.
Nation-State
An independent country dominated by a relatively homogeneous culture group
Nunavut
A territory in northern Canada that includes the eastern part of the original Northwest Territories and most of the islands of the Arctic Archipelago; capital Iqaluit. It is the homeland of the Inuit people.
Raison d’etre
Phrase borrow from the French language, where it means simply “reason for being”; in English use, it also comes to suggest a degree of rationalisation, as “the claimed reason for existence of something or someone”.
Reapportionment
A new apportionment (especially a reallotment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results).
Regionalism
The theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation; a linguistic feature peculiar to a particular region and not part of the standard language of a country.
Religious Conflict
Where two or more cultural groups fight over the religious beliefs of each others’ religions.
Reunification
The act of coming together again; “Monetary unification precipitated the reunification of the German state in October 1990”.
Satellite State
A satellite state (sometimes referred to as a client state) is a political term that refers to a country that is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.
Self-Determination
The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government; the process by which a person controls their own life.
Shatterbelt
A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,…).
Sovereignty
Supreme power or authority; the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.
State
A state has a recognizable population, recognized international boundaries, a government, and has sovereignty.
Stateless Ethnic Groups
Stateless ethnic groups are ethnic groups that share certain cultural, political, and/or historic qualities, such as religion, location, or art, but do not share enough qualities to be recognized as a nationality/nation and have no state(homeland) that is politically recognized as belonging to them.
Stateless Nation
A stateless nation is a group, usually a minority ethnic group, considered as a nation entitled to its own state, specifically a nation-state for that nation.
Suffrage
The right to vote in political elections; a series of intercessory prayers or petitions.
Supranationalism
Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states.
Territorial Disputes
A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land by a new state and occupying power after it has conquered the land from a former state no longer currently recognized by the new state.
Territorial Morphology
Study of states’ shapes and their effects.
Territoriality
The behavior of a male animal (in this case, a human)that defines and defends its territory.
Theocracy
A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
Treaty Ports
(Treaty Port); A port in China, Korea, or Japan that once was open to foreign trade on the basis of a trading treaty.
UNCLOS
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place from 1973 through 1982.
Unitary
Single; uniform; of or relating to a system of government or organization in which the powers of the separate constituent parts are vested in a central body.
U.S.S.R. Collapse
A former country of eastern Europe and northern Asia with coastlines on the Baltic and Black seas and the Arctic and Pacific oceans. It was established in December 1922 with the union of the Russian SFSR (proclaimed after the Russian Revolution of 1917) and various other soviet republics, including Belorussia and the Ukraine. In 1991 a number of consituent republics declared their independence, and the USSR was officially dissolved on December 31, 1991. Moscow was the capital.
Women’s Enfranchisement
To bestow a franchise on; to endow with the rights of citizenship, especially the right to vote; to free, as from bondage.
Adaptive strategies
The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
Agrarian
People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest ext.
-Where agrarian people and societies are located is not generally near cities ext. but these types of people are essential to the way that we live and our ability to live in cities.
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
- It influences how things are grown and what people eat
Agricultural Industrialization
The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors ext.
- Makes it a lot faster for farmers to yield crop
Agricultural landscape
The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.
- Effects how much yield one gets from their plants
Agricultural location model
An attempt to explain the pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices.
Agricultural Origins
Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. He also points out that vegetative planting likely was originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia.
-Without the development of agriculture we would still have a relatively small and likely uneducated population
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain.
-It has influenced the growth of areas and human society
Animal Domestication
Domestication of animals for selling or using byproducts.
-Helped us obtain meat with out having to go out and kill our food right before dinner.
Aquaculture
The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food
-Allowed us to use the sea and its abundant sources of food for our benefit
Biorevolution
The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies.
- See reasoning for below term
Biotechnology
Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops.
-Has helped the farmers grow a more bountiful harvest through the using of pesticides ext.
Collective farm
government-owned farms and employed large numbers of workers; all crops distributed by the gov’t
Commercial Agriculture (intensive, extensive)
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
-Allowed people to move away from farms- fueled industrial revolution
Core/Periphery
The areas in the world that include MDCs are called the core and the area of the world that contains the LDCs is referred to as the periphery.
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
-Takes up large areas of land but keeps land usable for future generations
Cultivation regions
Regions were there is agricultural activity
- Areas with agricultural activity generally are not a place were a big city would be located- affects locations of different areas.
Dairying
The “farming” and sale/distribution of milk and milk products.
-Gets us calcium, allows for people to move to the city because there is a way of getting milk or milk products.
Debt-for-nature swap
When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
-Influences the development of some regions faster than others
Double Cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same land
-Can cause agricultural exhaustion making people move away from the land
Economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary)
Primary: Involves jobs like lumber and mining
- All of these jobs are necessary in the world
Environmental Modifications (pesticides, soil erosion, desertification)
The destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming. (Using pesticides that drain in to the water and soil and pollute them overuse of land causing the desert like conditions of desertification (dust bowl).
-Doing harm to the environment through pesticides and causing desertification have horrible long term effect on humans and their future.
Extensive subsistence agriculture (shifting cultivation, nomadic herding/pastoralism)
Shifting Cultivation: Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple years then left fallow for a relatively long time.
Extractive Industry
Industries involved in the activities of prospecting, exploring, developing, and producing for non-regenerative natural resources from the Earth
Farm crises
The mass production of farm products that lowers the prices, which lowers the profits for farmers.This had led to the decrease in small farms.
Farming
The practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
Feedlot
a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
-Essential to how we live and eat today- necessity for most people’s diets
First agricultural revolution
Around 8000 B.C. when humans first domesticated plants and animals.
-This allowed for future generations to grow larger because they no longer we just a hunter gatherer society
Fishing
The technique, occupation, or diversion of catching fish. Fishing provides a food source and employment to society.
Food Chain
A series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, etc.
Forestry
The science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. Trees provide building materials and fuel to society.
Globalized Agriculture
Diffusion of agriculture across the globe
Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer. Because of Green Revolution, agricultural productivity at a global scale has increased faster than the population.
Growing Season
The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can’t grow at their latitude.
Hunting and Gathering
Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people), traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasibly yield from a parcel of land. Popular in East, South, and Southeast Asia, because the ratio between farmers and arable land is so high, most of the work is done by the family by hand or by animal with processes refined over thousands of years.
Intertillage
Tillage between rows of crops of plants.
Livestock Ranching
commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to too poor to support crops. Prominent in later 19th century in the American West; ranchers free roamed throughout the West, until the U.S. government began selling land to farmers who outlined their farms with barbed wire, forcing the ranchers to establish large ranches to allow their cattle to graze.
Market Gardening
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually
Mediterranean Agriculture
Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia). Sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter; land is hilly with mountains frequently plunging directly into sea. Growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops are the main crops, while animals are grown under transhumance - kept on coastal plains in winter and moved to hills in the summer.
Mineral Fuels
Natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources.
Mining
Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, vein, or coal seam. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially, is mined (mining in a wider sense then including extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and water).
Planned Economy
Economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services. Commonly used in which state or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income. Example: Economy of the Soviet Union, in the 80’s and 90’s government presiding over planned economies began deregulating and moving toward market basted economies by introducing market forces to determine pricing, distribution, and production. Today most economies are market or mixed economies, except those in Cuba or North Korea.
Renewable
Energy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people. Solar energy, hydroelectric, geothermal, fusion and wind, are the most widely used.
Non-Renewable
Energy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed. The three main fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) plus nuclear energy are the most widely used, mostly because they are more cost efficient.
Rural Settlement
Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Live in villages, hamlets on farms, or in other isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, natural gas or tourism.
Dispersed
Characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in the area.
Nucleated
A number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
Building Material
Houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area.
Village Form
The way a villiage is organized, generally what is best suited for a village’s particular needs.
*Nucleated
Sauer, Carl O.
Defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation. “Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.”
Second Agricultural Revolution
Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. Started in United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Denmark, especially with the Enclosure Act, which consolidated land in Great Britain. Potatoes and corn diffused from America’s to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial possessions to Europe.
Specialization
Third level of cities (behind World Cities, and Command and Control Centers), offer a narrow and highly specialized variety of services. Typically specialize in management, research and development of a specific industry (motor vehicles in Detroit), or are centers of government and education, notably state capitals that also have a major university (Albany, Lansing, Madison, or Raleigh-Durham).
Staple Grains
Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.
Suitcase Farm
Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.
Survey Patterns
Long Lots (French) - Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.
Metes and Bounds (English)
Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined by a measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as a waterway, wall, public road, or existing building.
Township-and-Range (U.S.A)
Survey’s used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop.
Sustainable Yield
Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature’s services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together with production are able to provide satisfactory yield.
Third Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution’ Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970’s and 1980’s, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth.
Mechanization
Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds. Farmer’s in LDC’s cannot afford this machinery or the fuel to run the equipment, so governments must allocate funds to subsidizing the cost of seeds, fertilizers and machinery.
Chemical Farming
Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The development of higher-yield crops has produced: a ‘miracle wheat seed” which is shorter and stiffer, less sensitive to variation in day length, responds better to fertilizers, and matures faster; a similar miracle rice seed, that was heartier and has increased yields; a high-yield corn seed is currently being developed.
Food Manufacturing
The Green Revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine. Allowing the world population to grow about four billion since stared, also allowing populations in developing nations to consume 25% more than before. This increase in diets is questioned by the content in diets; Asian farmers are eating more rice than fish and other vegetables because they can rely on rice to grow efficiently.
Tragedy of the Commons’
Social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good.
Transhumance
Pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Truck Farm
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, accessibility to large markets of New York, Philadelphian, and Washington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostly to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.
Von Thunen, Johann Heinrich
1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop.
Also found that specific crops were grown in varying rings around city. Market-oriented gardens and milk producers in first ring, because of expense of transportation and perishability. In the next rings wood lots used for construction and fuel, because it is a heavy industry with high transportation costs. Next rings are used for various crops or pasture, with the outermost ring devoted to animal grazing. Von Thunen’s theory disregards site or human factors.
Secondary
Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials
Tertiary
The service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities
Quaternary
Economic activities that involve collecting, processing, and disseminating information
Quinary
Require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill (e.g., scientific research, high-level management).
Nomadic herding/pastorilism
Based on herding domesticated animals
- Effect the way that some in the world to live and were they fall in demographic transition
Agricultural labor force
is the number of people who work in agriculture. This is important because a large value indicates that the country is likely an LDC dependent on agriculture, while a small value indicates that there are fewer people working in agriculture, meaning that the agriculture is more efficient.
Calorie consumption
a percentage of daily requirement is an important index of development. People in MDCs generally consume more than 130% of their daily requirements, but most people in LDCs barely get enough to sustain themselves. The problem is worst in Africa, where most people do not eat enough.
The Core
periphery model describes the pattern of distribution of the MDCs and LDCs. When the earth is viewed from the North Pole, the MDCs are clustered near the center of the map while the LDCs are near the edges.
Cultural Convergence
the change in culture that occurs as diffusion of ideas and technology increases. An example is the culture of LDCs becoming more like that of their former colonial power (an MDC).
Dependency theory
states that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force.
Development
the improvement in material conditions of a place as a result of diffusion of technology and knowledge. This is important because it is a main goal for most of the planet’s regions and development will help solve many problems.
Energy consumption
an index of development. MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita than do LDCs. This will be important in the future because as LDCs begin to industrialize, there will be a great strain on the world’s energy supply.
Foreign direct investment
investment in the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs. However, all countries are not recipients of this investment. Brazil, China and Mexico were the LDCs that received most of the investment
Gross domestic product
the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a given country. The value varies greatly between MDCs and LDCs and is one of the best indicators of development. Fast growth of GDP is a major goal of all countries.
Gross national product
similar to GDP except that includes income that people earn abroad.
The Human Development Index
an aggregate index of development, which takes into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GDP, literacy and education, and life expectancy.
Levels of development
that countries are classified into include MDCs (more developed countries) and LDCs (less developed countries).
Measures of development
are used to distinguish LDCs from MDCs. They include GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, caloric intake, etc.
Neocolonialism
refers to the economic control that MDCs are sometimes believed to have over LDCs. Through organizations such as the IMF, the MDCs are able to dictate precisely what LDCs economic policies are, or are able to use their economic subsidies to put LDCs industries out of business.
The Physical Quality of Life index
another development index. It is based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at age one.
Purchasing power parity
an index of income related to GDP. Unlike GDP however, PPP takes into account price differences between countries. Usually goods in LDCs are priced lower, so this makes the difference between LDCs and MDCs less.
W.W. Rostow
developed the “Stages of Growth” model of economic development.
Technology gap
The difference in technologies used and/or developed in two companies, countries, ethnic groups, etc., where one is more advanced than the other. Important because it helps to explain the differences between MDCs and LDCs.
Technology transfer
process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilities developed under federal research and development funding are utilized to fulfill public and private needs - Important because it allows for knowledge to be utilized for various needs instead of being confined to a certain sector.
Third World
countries in the developing world independent of their political status (developing countries) - Important because it is a classification to explain differences between the countries of the world.
World Systems Theory
refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the “capitalist world economy” as a “total social system”- Important because explains the power hierarchy in which powerful and wealthy “core” societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies.
Bid rent theory
refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD increases - Important because it provides an explanation as to the spatial distribution of urban areas.
Assembly line production/Fordism
industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations, each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible - Important because it allowed for goods to be produced at a rate comparable to the demand for many of those products, made for more efficient manufacturing industries.
Air pollution
concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air, human causes include mainly motor vehicles, industry, and power plants- Important because it can damage property and adversely affect the health of people, other animals, and plants.
Agglomeration economies
refers to benefits or advantages (savings, cost reductions, etc.) resulting from the spatial clustering of activities and/or people - Important because
Acid rain
tiny droplets of sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere that dissolve in water and return to Earth’s surface - Important because it has damaged lakes, killing fish and plants.
“Stages of Growth” Model
linear theory of development that developed countries go through a common pattern of structural change (1-Traditional Society, 2-Transitional Stage, 3-Take Off, 4-Drive to Maturity, 5-High Mass Consumption) - Important because it explains the development experience of Western countries and is a general model for many others.
Rostow, W.W.
economist, developed the “Stages of Growth” model in the late 1950s - Important because he developed the model that is frequently referred to.
Aluminum industry
U.S. companies are the largest single producer with plants in 35 states producing about $39.1 billion in products and exports. U.S. supply is comprised of three sources, primary, imports and recycled - Important because it is a large industry that is important in transportation, packaging and building and construction.
Agglomeration
A snowballing geographical process by which secondary through quinary industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets
Agglomeration economies
The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores
Aluminum industry
manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group
Assembly line production/ Fordism
a form of production characterized by an assembly line (conveyor belt factory system) and standardized outputs linked with the stimulation of demand brought about by low prices, advertising, and credit
Bid rent theory
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
Break-of-bulk point
The point at which a cargo is unloaded and broken up into smaller units prior to delivery, minimizing transport costs.
Canadian industrial heartland
Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.
Carrier efficiency
An organization that provides communications and networking services. A communications and networking “service provider.” See common carrier and private carrier
Comparative advantage
The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists
Cumulative causation
A process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions
Deglomeration
The movement of activity, usually industry, away from areas of concentration
Deindustrialization
Decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise of the service sectors of the industrial economy./The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy
Economic sectors
economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government’s Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy.
Economies of scale
Reduction in cost per unit resulting from increased production, realized through operational efficiencies. Economies of scale can be accomplished because as production increases, the cost of producing each additional unit falls.
Ecotourism
A form of tourism pursued by many ecologically concerned perople, who visit regions having pristine ecosystems and, in the process, to inflict no environmental damage
Energy resources
Renewable (sun, sea, wind) or non-renewable (coal mine, gas well, oil well) resource used for obtaining an energy source.
Entrepot
Trade in which imported goods are re-exported with or without any additional processing or repackaging.
Export processing zone
Industrial parks designated by a government to provide tax and other incentives to export firms.
Fixed costs
An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant
Footloose industry
descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; and industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation
Four Tigers
the highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
Greenhouse Effect
The results from the increased addition of carbon dioxide and certain trace gases to the atmosphere through industrial activity and deforestation causing more of the sun’s heat to be retained, thus warming the climate of the Earth
Growth Poles
economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole.
Heartland/Rimland
A 1904 proposal by Sir Halford John Mackinder that the key to world conquest lay in control of the interior of Eurasia./The belief of Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest
Industrial Location Theory
the forces leading to the location of industrial activity. One choice might be the least‐cost location.
Industrial Revolution
A series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, which led to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process
Infrastructure
The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities.
Least-cost location
A site chosen for industrial development where total costs are theoretically at their lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue
Maquiladora
An assembly plant in Mexico, especially one along the border between the United States and Mexico, to which foreign materials and parts are shipped and from which the finished product is returned to the original market.
Market Orientation
The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.
Multiplier Effect
The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity. In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement. A 1994 agreement reached by the United States, Canada, and Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other hindrances to encourage free trade between the three North American countries.
Outsourcing
Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale. Subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities “in house.”
Ozone depletion
Destruction of ozone in the ozone layer attributed to the presence of chlorine from manmade CFCs and other forces. The layer is thinning because ozone is being destroyed at a faster rate than it is being regenerated by natural forces.
Special Economic Zones
Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country. Moreover, these regulations tend to contain measures that are conducive to foreign direct investment
Threshold/range
The population required to make provision of services economically feasible./In economic geography and central place theory, the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service
Time-space compression
as capitalism has developed, the pace of life has become faster and faster. The age-old barriers to action have been broken down so the world ‘sometimes seems to collapse in on us’.
Topocide
The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed.
Transnational corporation
A corporation reaching beyond or transcending national boundaries
Ubiquitous
existing or being everywhere at the same time, constantly encountered
Variable costs
cost of enterprise operation that varies either by output level or by location of the activity
Weber, Alfred
Alfred was a prominent geographer who spent most of his career at the University of Heidelberg. Weber’s most significant contribution was his aptly titled Theory of Industrial Location, originally published in 1909. He argued that decisions about industrial location are largely driven by attempts to minimize costs
Weight-gaining
product in which weight is added to the raw materials in the manufacturing process
Weight-losing
The opposite of Weight-gaining
World city
One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant ceners (e.g. New York, London, Tokyo) that together control the global.
barridas / barrios / favelas
illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters that surround large cities
bid-rent theory / peak land value
the amount of land different land users are prepared to pay for locations at various distances from the city center
blockbustering
the rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging ethnic minorities to move to previously white neighborhoods
CBD - Central Business District
the downtown heart of a central city, marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce and the clustering of the tallest buildings
census tract
small districs used by the US Census Bureau to survey the population
cityscapes
an urban landscape
colonial city
a city founded by colonialism or an indigenous city whose structure was deeply influenced by western culture
commercialization
the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity
commuter zone
the outermost zone of the concentric zone model that represents people who choose to live in residential surburbia and take a daily commute into the CBD to work
counter-urbanization
a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas
decentralization
the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city
disamenity sector
The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.
economic base
the manufacturing and service activities preformed by the basic sector; functions of a city preformed to satisfy demands external to the cirty itself, earning income to support the urban population
-basic sector
those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside of the city itself, earning income for the community
-nonbasic sector
those economic activites of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no “export” implication
edge city
distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower that central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas
emerging cities
a city currently without much population but is increasing in size at a fast rate
entrepot
a trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit
ethnic neighborhoods
a neighborhood, typically situated in larger metropolitan cities and constructed by or comprised of local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
female-headed household
a household dominated by a woman
gateway city
a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
gender
the social difference between men andwomen rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex
gentrification
trend of mid to high-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architechture and also replacing the low-income population
ghettoization
process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated center of poverty, as rich whites move out to the suburbs
global cities
centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce
great cities
cities with populations over one million
greenbelt
a ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space that limit the sprawl of an urban area
high tech corridors
areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products
hinterland
the sphere of economic influence of a town or city
indigenous city
a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a place
in-filling
building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development
informal sector
economic activities that take place beyond official record, not subject to formalized systems of regulations or remuneration
infrastructure
the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity
inner city
the central area of a major city; in the US it often applied to the poorer parts of the city center where people are less educated and wealthy where there is more crime
invasion and succession
process by which new immigrants to a city move to dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups
lateral commuting
traveling from one suburb to another and going from home to work
megacities
cities with more than 10 million people
megalopolis
a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)
conurbantion
an agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment
metropolitan statistical area
area with a city of 50 thousand or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city
micropolitan statistical area
an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
multiplier effect
the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity; in urban geography, the expected addiction of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city’s local employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment
planned community
a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan
postindustrial city
a city exhibiting the characteristics of a postindustrial society
postmodern urban landscape
the material character of a postmodern urban area
primate city
a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country’s larges city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well
racial steering
the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
rank-size rule
in a modern urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
redlining
a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be high risk for housing loans
restrictive covenants
a statement written into a property deed that restrics the use of land in some way
segregation
the separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
site
the physical position in relation to the surroundings
situation
the position determined by non-physical attributes in relation to its surroundings
squatter settlement
residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
street patterns
the way in which streets are designed
grid- streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion
dendritic- characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry
access- provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway
suburb
a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.
suburbanization
movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions
tenement
a building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
threshold
in the central place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible
range
in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service
underemployment
a situation in which people work less than full time even though they would prefer to work more hours
urban growth rate
the rate of growth of an urban population
urban hearth area
a region in which the world’s first cities evolved
urban hierarchy
a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic function
under morphology
the form and structure of cities, including street patterns and the size and shape of buildings
urban realm
the spatial componenets of the modern metroplis, where each realm is a separate economic, social, and polititical entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolitian framework
urbanized population
the proportion of a country’s population living in cities
world city
one of the largest cities in the world, generally with a ppulation of over 10 million
zone in transition
an area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD
zoning
dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc
Formal/ Uniform region
an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
Region
An area on earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features.
Possibilism
People adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
Natural Landscape
A physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activites.
Random Pattern
A pattern in which there is no specific order or logic behind the arrangement.
Linear Pattern
A pattern of settlement that develops along a river , road, or along a valey in a line.
Centralized Pattern
Locations are clustered and concentrated in a particular place.
Relative Location
Position on Earth’s Surface relative to other features
Ex. My house is east of 1-75
Place Name
Name by which a geographical place is known as.
Site
What is found on the location and why it is important.
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places.
Stimulus
Get an idea from a first idea
Ex. Old computer -> touchcreen PC
Hierarchical Diffusion
the spread of a trend or idea Ex. Pirkles catchphrases (lies lies, like what Jaime says)
Contagious Diffusion
anything passed from person to person
Ex. Walking Dead
Hearth Diffusion
Where an idea starts
Ex. Christianity in Bethlehem cuz Jesus was born there
Physiological Density
Population density in inhabited and culivated areas
Arithmetic Density
Total number of people divided by the total land area.
Cultural Landscape
Sites associated with a significant event, activity person or group of people .
Ex. mexican restaurants grew in Atl. as the hispanic population went up.
Cultural attributes
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape (ex) buildings, artifacts, forms
Expansion
Spread of a culture of an idea/innovation from one place to another by direct contact Ex. Chick-fil-a countrywide
Environmental Determinism
Belief that the environment is responsible for the develpment of a specific culture or lifestyle
Relocation
the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another Ex. Immigrants have shared and spread their cultures throughout the US
Sequent Occupance
everything that has always been/is there (mainly old stuff)
Built Landscape
all the man made stuff / changes made
Distribution
the arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.
Absolute Distance
Exact measurement of the physical space between two spaces
Relative Distance
approximate measurement of the physical space between two places.
Absolute Location
position n Earth using the coordinate system of Longitude (N to S) and Latitude ( parallel to equator)
Time- Space compression
observing that the spread of acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance, from the source of the innovation decreases.
Friction of Distance
measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction, the greater the distance, the more friction, the greater the cost f achieving exchange
Distance Decay
the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Network
the aeral patterns of sets places and the routes connecting them along in which movement can take place
Connectivity
the directness of routes linking pairs of places
Accesibility
the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point of location, in relation to other locations.
Spatial Interaction
the movement and flows involving human activity
Size
his big something is
Spatial
( of or pertaining to space on r near Earth’s surface) used as an adjective t describe a specific geographic concepts or processes.
Scale
( implied degree of generalization ) relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole.
Vernacular/ Perceptual Region
a place where people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
Functional/ Nodal Region
Place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward.
changing attributes of place
changing the way a landscape appears by modernization or migration to an uninhabited space ex: taking a desert and building a river through it
Distortion
change to an object, form or thing
Geographic Positioning System
collection of computer hardware and software permitting spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, used, and displayed.
Global Positioning System
satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places.
North and South poles
the points farthest north and south on the Earth along its axis.
latitude
an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator
parallel
any of the imaginary circles around the earth parallel to the equator, marking degrees of latitude
equator
an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
Longitude
an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equato?
Meridian
a line of longitude
Prime meridian
meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England)
International Date line
is an imaginary line of longitude generally 180° (degrees) east or west of the Prime Meridian. The International Date Line is where each new day begins.
Map
Maps are the tool most uniquely identified with geography ; the ability to use and interpret maps is an essential georaphical skill.
Map Scale
Distance on a map relative to distance on earth
Thematic Map
shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc…
Statistical Map
a map that shows elements of importance for a region (rainfall, population, crops, etc.)
Cartogram Map
Adjusts the size of a country corresponding to the magnitude of a mapped feature
Dot map
maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon such as population
Choropleth Map
A map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges.
isoline map
Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels
mental map
An internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place and where places are located.
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from earth’s surface to a flat map
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
