AP Huge Cumulative final review Flashcards
age distribution
(population pyramid) two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing the number of females in a particular population in five-year cohorts. This is important because you can tell from the age distribution important characteristics of a country, high guest worker population, war, epidemics, and more
carrying capacity
the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water, and other life infrastructure present. This is important because it tells how many people an area can support
cohort
a population of various consecutive ages in an age-sex population pyramid. This is important because this can tell whether the country is in stage 3 or stage 5 in the demographic transition model
demographic equation
the formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase/decrease in a population. The formuls is found by doign births minus deaths plus/minus net migration. This is important because it helps to deterime which stage in the demographic transitoin model a country is in
demographic momentum
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a feritlity decline because of their youth age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transitoin model
demographic regions
an area of land with a population in concurring stages of the demographic transition model. This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition
demographic transition model
made of 5 stages. Stage 1 is low growth. Stage 2 is high growth. Stage 3 is moderate/declining growth. Stage 4 is low growth. Stage 5 is not an official stage, but it includes zero or negative population growth. This is important because this is the way our country and other countries around the world are transformed from a less developed to a more developed country
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in ther productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For example, the larger population of dependents, the greater the financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot
diffusion of fertility control
the average number of children a mother is having in a particular area. This helps to see where countries are growing rapidly and where countries are leveling off
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in ther productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For example, the larger population of dependents, the greater the financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot
doubling time
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. This is important for projecting the countries future population
ecumene
the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. This is important because it tells how much land is taken and how much is open for growth
epidemiological transition model
the part of the demographic transition model concerned with the death rate and its changes/reasons for changing. This is important because it can explain how a country’s population changes so dramatically
gendered space
any area where the sexes are spatially separated
gendered space
any area where the sexes are spatially separated
j-curve
the population projection according to exponential growth (named for its shape). This is important because if a population grows exponentially, the resource use and resource/food demands will grow exponentially as well
maladaptation
an adaptation that has become less helpful than before, but not harmful
Malthus, Thomas
one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food for the population. THis is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunningn our carrying capacity in terms of food production because of our exponential population
mortality
two ways of measurement: infant mortality and life expectancy. The IMR reflects a country’s health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live. This is important because a country’s mortality rates can be applied to determine other features of the country
natality
(CBR) the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed as the number of births in a year per 1000 people alive. This is important because for the number of babies a country pops out and how fast they can grow.
neo-Malthuism
a theory tht builds upon Malthus’ thoughts of overpopulation, but takes into account increases of LDCs’ population growth and outstripping of resouces other than food
overpopulation
the state of a population, such as the entire Earth, when it exceeds the carrying capacity
population densities
the frequencies with which a population occupies its space
arithmetic density
total number of objects in a given area
physiological density
number of people per given unit of arable land
agricultural density
number of farmers per given unit of arable land
population distribution
the arrangement of people in space. Geographers prefer density, concentration, and pattern as the top three
population explosion
a sudden increase/burst in the population in a ceratain area or the whole world
population projection
a prediction of the future population in a ceratain area or the whole world
population pyramid
population display of two back to back gender bar graphs by cohorts of ages
rate of natural increase
the percentage by which a population grows in one year, excluding migration (CBR - CDR = NIR)
s-curve
the cylical movement upwards and downwards on a graph
sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females in a population
standard of living
the quality and quantity of goods and services avaliable to people and their distribution in a population
sustainability
providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and near future
underpopulation
having far less population than the carrying capacity; or a sharp drop/decrease in a region’s population
zero population growth
any time that the CBR and CDR are equal; the NIR is zero
activity space
space allotted for a certain industry or activity
chain migration
the process of one person migrating to a country being followed by other members of thier family
cyclic movement
trends in migration and other processes with a clear cycle
distance decay
when contact between two groups diminishes beacuse of the distance between them
forced migration
when people are displaced from their country because of war, natural disaster, or government
gravity model
a prediction for the optimal location of a service, on a direct relation to the number of people in the area and indirectly related to the distance people must travel to access it
internal migration
permanent movement within a country
intervening oppurtunity
an everinmental or cultural feature that halps migration
migration pattern
mobility with a common direction
intracontinental migration
permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent
intercontinental migration
permanent movement from one country to a different country on a different continent
interregional migration
permanent movement from one region of a country to another
rural-urban migration
permanent movement from suburbs and rural areas to a city
migratory movement
a nomadic or semi-constant movement from place to place, not often permanent but often cyclic and on some yearly routine
periodic movement
migration that occurs based on certain time intervals, either long or short
personal space
an area of space commonly allotted for one individual based on cultural factors
place utility
the location of a product or service where it is most accessable to its consumers
push/pull factor
a factor that induces people to leave old places and move to new locations
refugee
a person forced to migrate from their home country and does not return for fear of persucution because of a difference between his/her and their home country’s current cultural opinions
space-time prism
a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs (eating, resting) and the means of mobility at our command.
step migration
permanent movement spread out into several simpler steps
transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
transmigration
the movement of people away from overpopulated regions to less crowded areas
voluntary migration
permanent movement undertaken with free will
Acculturation
Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage.
Assimilation
Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.
Cultural core/periphery pattern
The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of regions and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties.
Cultural Ecology
The geographic study of human environmental relationships.
Cultural Identity
One’s belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect.
Cultural Landscape
The visible imprint of human activity on the landsacape.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
Formal/uniform Region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
Core Region
Center of economic activity.
Periphery Region
Outlying region of economic activity.
Functional/nodal Region
Region organized at a node or focal point.
Vernacular/perceptual Region
(self-awareness) A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of one feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authotiry or power to other persons or places.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
Innovation Adoption
Study of how, why, and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture.
Maladaptive Diffusion
Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region may not in another.
Sequence Occupancy
Refers to such cultural succession and its lasting imprint proposed by Derwent Whittlesey.
Sequent Occupance
Notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Adaptive Strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life— food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
Anglo-American landscape
long rows of raods are laid out on the flat landscape in square or rectangular patterns; folk landscape
Characteristics
distinguishing traits, qualities, or properties
Architectural Form
The look of housing, effected by the available materials,the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time.
Built environment
the part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
Folk culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Folk food
food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
Folk house
the house stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area.
Folk songs
composed anonymously and transmitted orally. A song that is derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people; songs that tell a story or convey information about daily activities such as farming, life cycle events, or mysterious events such as strorms and earthquakes.
Folklore
The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.
Material culture
The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies.
Nonmaterial culture
Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects
Popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
Survey systems
A method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels, particularly for rural land, and wild or undeveloped land
Traditional architecture
folk housing forms found in areas inhabited by indigenous people. (wattle and daub in Africa, communal house in South Pacific)
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Indo-European languages
a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
Language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Language subfamily
group of languages with more commonality than a language family (indicates they have branched off more recently in history)
Lingua franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Linguistic diversity
a variety of languages used in an area
Monolingual
using or knowing only one language
Multilingual
using or knowing more than one language
Official language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
Pidgin
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Toponymy
The study of the origins and meaning of place-names
Acculturation
Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage.
Assimilation
Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.
Cultural core/periphery pattern
The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of regions and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties.
Cultural Ecology
The geographic study of human environmental relationships.
Cultural Identity
One’s belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect.
Cultural Landscape
The visible imprint of human activity on the landsacape.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
Formal/uniform Region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
Core Region
Center of economic activity.
Periphery Region
Outlying region of economic activity.
Functional/nodal Region
Region organized at a node or focal point.
Vernacular/perceptual Region
(self-awareness) A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of one feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authotiry or power to other persons or places.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
Innovation Adoption
Study of how, why, and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture.
Maladaptive Diffusion
Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region may not in another.
Sequence Occupancy
Refers to such cultural succession and its lasting imprint proposed by Derwent Whittlesey.
Sequent Occupance
Notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Adaptive Strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life— food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
Anglo-American landscape
long rows of raods are laid out on the flat landscape in square or rectangular patterns; folk landscape
Characteristics
distinguishing traits, qualities, or properties
Architectural Form
The look of housing, effected by the available materials,the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time.
Built environment
the part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
Folk culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Folk food
food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
Folk house
the house stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area.
Folk songs
composed anonymously and transmitted orally. A song that is derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people; songs that tell a story or convey information about daily activities such as farming, life cycle events, or mysterious events such as strorms and earthquakes.
Folklore
The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.
Material culture
The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies.
Nonmaterial culture
Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects
Popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
Survey systems
A method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels, particularly for rural land, and wild or undeveloped land
Traditional architecture
folk housing forms found in areas inhabited by indigenous people. (wattle and daub in Africa, communal house in South Pacific)
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Indo-European languages
a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
Language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Language subfamily
group of languages with more commonality than a language family (indicates they have branched off more recently in history)
Lingua franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Linguistic diversity
a variety of languages used in an area
Monolingual
using or knowing only one language
Multilingual
using or knowing more than one language
Official language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
Pidgin
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Toponymy
The study of the origins and meaning of place-names
Trade language
A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life. This is important to Human Geography because a lot of cultures around the world believe in Animism.
Buddhism
The third of the world’s major universalizing religions. It has 365 million adherents, especially in China and Southeast Asia. It is important because a large percent of the earth’s population follow Buddhism beliefs.
Cargo Cult Pilgrimage
Cargo Cult’s believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits. It takes place in Malanesia and is important to Human Geography because it is a big religious movement by a large number of people.
Christianity
Is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings or Jesus the Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. It is important to Human Geography because it is the most popular religion in the world.
Confucianism
Developed by earlier Chinese man Confucius, it is a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought. This is important to Human Geography because it has affected Chinese Civilizations tremendously.
Ethnic Religion
A religion with a rather concentrated distribution whose principles are likesly to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location where its adherents are located. This is important to Human Geography because most religions start off as Ethnic Religion.
Exclave/Enclave
An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country; an exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory. This is important to Human Geography because a lot of countries are within other countries.
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion. This is important to Human Geography because there are a lot of fundamentalists in all religions.
Geomancy
Is a method of predicion that interprets markings on the ground, or how handfuls of dirt land when someone tosses them. The Arabic tradition consists of sketching sixteen random lines of dots in sand. This is important to Human Geography because most farmers use a form of Geomancy.
Hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers. It is the fifth of the five pillars. It is important to Human Geography because just about all Islam followers try the pilgrimage there.
Hinduism
Created in India, it has approximately one billion followers. Unlike other religions, heaven is not always the ultimate goal in life. It is the third largest religion in the world behind Christianity and Islam. They talk about Karma (What goes around comes around). It is important to Human Geography because such a large number of people follow the religion and it is unlike any other one.
Interfaith Boundaries
The boundaries between the world’s major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism. This is not the same as Intrafaith boundaries which describes the boundaries within a major religion. This is important to Human Geography because it separates different groups of people for different reasons.
Islam
It means the submission to the will of god. It is a monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a key religious figure. It is the second largest religion in the world. This is important to Human Geography because it has impacted the world greatly, especially boundaries.
Jainism
Religion and philosphy originating in ancient India. It stresses spiritual independence and equality throughout all life. It affects Human Geography because a lot of people believe in it in India.
Judaism
It is the religion of ancient Hebrews, said to be one of the first monotheistic faiths. This is important to Human Geography because many other religions have been based off of it.
Landscapes of the dead
The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. This is important to Human Geography because it has always been important where people are buried.
Monotheism/Polytheism
Monotheism is the belief in one god and polytheism is the belief in many gods. This affects Human Geography because many religions spread throughout the world fall under these two categories.
Mormonism
A term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is important because a lot of peope around the world practice Mormonism.
Muslim Pilgrimage
If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca). They usually make the trip around Ramadan. This pilgrimage is also referred to as Hajj. It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.
Muslim Population
It is the religion of 1.3 billion people in the world. It is the predominant relgion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. Half of the world’s Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. It is important becuse Islam is one of the most popular religons practiced around the world.
Proselytic Religion
Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. There are three religions that practive this: they are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. To proselytize is to try to convert another person to your religion. This is important to Human Geography because there are three of the biggest reglions in the world. They are are practiced all over the world.
Reincarnation
The idea of reincarnation is that after this life, you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or human life. So, basically, what you do in this life will affect what your next life is like. This is commonly practiced by the Buddhists and the Hindus. This is important to Human Geography because these two religions are very important in the world.
Religion (groups, places)
One group is universalizing religions. These are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. All of these have different branches. There are also ethnic religions, such as Hindiuism, Daoism, and Confucianism. These religions are spread out throughout the world. This affects Human Geography because all regions throughout the world have a general religion.
Religious architectural styles
These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of religious statues. This is important to Human Geography because these styles affected most of the future styles for other civilizations.
Religious Conflict
This is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects Human Geography because there has been a lot of bloodshed over religious conflict.
Religious Culture Hearth
This is where most religions are born. Most major religons have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India, too. This is important to Human Geography beacuse where religions are created, civilizations are, too.
Religious Toponym
This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to Human Geography because many names mean significant things, including beliefs or cultures.
Sacred Space
Sacred space is the place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies. This is important to Human Geography because a lot of history has taken place at sacred spaces.
Secularism
This is the belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs. This is important to Human Geography because this has caused conflicts in a lot of different places, including politics.
Shamanism
This is the range of traditional beliefs and practices that claim the ability to cure, heal, and cause pain to people. This is important to Human Geography because it is thought as good and bad.
Sharia law
It is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles. This is important to Human Geography because it affects many people around Muslims around the world.
Shintoism
Said to be the way of god. It is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. It involves the worhsip of kami (a god). Not very significant anymore and lost importance to today. This is important to Human Geography because before WWII it was very popular and affected a lot of people in Japan.
Sikhism
Is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India. The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in Vahiguru. Emphasizes faith in god. This is important to Human geography because it is another minor religion in India that affects a lof ot people.
sunni
one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam, a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
shia
the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
taoism
philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
theocracy
the belief in government by divine guidance
universalizing
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location
zoroastrianism
dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity
Acculturation
the process by which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs of another cultural group.
Adaptive strategy
The unique way in which each culture uses it’s particular physical environment; Those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life - Food, clothing, shelter, and defense
Assimilation
the process by which a minority population reduces of loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society.
Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Cultural adaptation
The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice.
Cultural shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals
Ethnic cleansing
the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic group or religious group in an area by another more powerful ethnic or religious group in that area, so as to create an ethnically homogeneous region
Ethnic conflict
a war between ethnic groups, often as a result of ethnic nationalism
Ethnic conclave
a gathering of an ethnic group
Ethnic group
people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
Ethnic homeland
A sizeable area inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it
Ethnic landscape
the spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based
Ethnic neighborhood
an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
Ethnocentrism
conviction of the evident superiority of one’s own ethnic group
Ghetto
During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood within a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal or economic pressure
Plural Society
a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions
Race
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
Segregation
a measure of degree to which members of a minority group are not uniformly distributed among the total population
Social distance
a measure of the perceived degree of social separation between individuals, ethnic groups, neighborhoods or other groupings; the voluntary or enforced segregation of two or more distinct social groups for most activities
dowry death
In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride.
enfranchisment
the granting of freedom, voting rights, etc
gender
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
gender cap
label describing lack of understanding or shared premises and language b/w men and women.
infanticide
act of killing an infant
longevity gap
the gap between the life expectancy of men and women
maternal mortality rate
annual number of deaths of women during childbirth per 1,000 women.
Annexation
Incorporation of a territory into another geo-political entity.
Antarctica
Southernmost continent in the world. It has no permanent residents and doesn’t belong to any country.
Apartheid
Afrikaans for apartness, it was the segregation of blacks in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was created to keep the white minority in power and allow them to have almost total control over the black majority.
Balkanization
The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or break-up of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broke up into 7 countries countries between 1991-1995; it was the effect of the Balkan wars.
