Chapter 2 - Radiation And The Atom

Question 1

Changes in trajectory

Answer 1

Scattering

Question 2

Removal of the radiation

Answer 2

Absorption

Question 3

Energy to mass conversion

Answer 3

Transformation

Question 4

Discrete particle-like packets OR quanta of energy

Answer 4

Photons

Question 5

Maximal height; intensity of the wave

Answer 5

Amplitude

Question 6

Distance between any two identical points on adjacent cycles

Answer 6

Wavelength

Question 7

Time required to complete one cycle of a wave

Answer 7

Period

Question 8

Number of periods that occur per second

Answer 8

Frequency

Question 9

Temporal shift of one wave with respect to the other

Answer 9

Phase

Question 10

Energy acquired by an electron as it traverses an electrical potential difference (voltage) of one volt in a vacuum

Answer 10

One electron volt

Question 11

An atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons has a net electrical charge

Answer 11

Ion

Question 12

Frequency higher than the far UV region of the spectrum that have sufficient energy per photon to remove bound electrons from atomic shells (X-rays and gamma rays)

Answer 12

Ionizing radiation

Question 13

Electromagnetic radiation with photon energies in and below the UV region (visible, infrared, terahertz, microwave and radio waves)

Answer 13

Non-ionization radiation

Question 14

Minimum energies necessary to remove an electron

Answer 14

Ionization energy

Question 15

Electrons emitted by the nuclei of radioactive atoms

Answer 15

Beta particles

Question 16

Indistinguishable from ordinary orbital electrons; nuclear in origin

Answer 16

Beta minus particles or negatrons

Question 17

Positively-charged electrons; they are form of antimatter that ultimately combines with matter in a unique transformation in which all off their mass is instantaneously converted to an equivalent amount of energy in the form of high energy gamma rays

Answer 17

Beta plus particles or positrons

Question 18

Consists of two protons and two neutrons

Answer 18

Alpha particle

Question 19

1/12th of the mass of carbon

Answer 19

Atomic mass unit(amu)

Question 20

Outer shell of an electron

Answer 20

Valence shell

Question 21

Energy required to remove an orbital electron completely from the atom

Answer 21

Orbital binding energy

Question 22

Series of transitions wherein an electron is removed from its shell by an X-ray or gamma ray photon or a charged particle leaving a vacancy that in turn may be filled by an electron transition from a more distant shell

Answer 22

Electron cascade

Question 23

Emissions from transitions exceeding 100eV

Answer 23

Characteristic or fluorescent X-rays

Question 24

A competing process that predominates in low Z elements; an electron cascade does not always result in the production of a characteristic X-Ray or xrays

Answer 24

Auger electron emission

Question 25

Probability that the electron transition will result in the emission of a characteristic X-ray

Answer 25

Fluorescent yield

Question 26

Protons + neutrons; collectively known as nucleons

Answer 26

Nucleus

Question 27

Number of protons in the nucleus

Answer 27

Atomic number (Z)

Question 28

Total number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus

Answer 28

Mass number

Question 29

Exchange forces; hold the nucleus together but operate only over very short (nuclear) distances(<10^-14m)

Answer 29

Strong force

Question 30

Lowest energy state of an atomic nucleus

Answer 30

Ground state

Question 31

Nuclei with energy in excess of the ground states

Answer 31

Excited states

Question 32

Excited states that exist longer than 10^-12s

Answer 32

Metastable or isometric state

Question 33

Same number of Protons

Answer 33

Isotopes

Question 34

Same atomic mass number

Answer 34

Isobars

Question 35

Same number of neutrons

Answer 35

Isotones

Question 36

With the different nuclear energy state

Answer 36

Isomers