Chapter 2: Putting the Picture Together

Question 1

Agency theory

Answer 1

emphasizes the interaction between the agency of individuals and social structure

Question 2

Archaeological theory

Answer 2

ideas that archaeologists have developed about the past and about the ways we come to know the past

Question 3

New/Processual Archaeology

Answer 3

based firmly on scientific method and supported by a united effort aimed at the development of theory

Question 4

Induction

Answer 4

drawing general inferences on the basis of available empirical data thought by old archaeologists

Question 5

Deduction

Answer 5

drawing particular inferences from general laws and models thought by new archaeologists

Question 6

Postprocessual Archaeology

Answer 6

Ian Hodder argues archaeologists should imitate historians in interpreting the past

Question 7

Etic

Answer 7

does not attempt to adopt the perspective of the members of the culture that is being studied

Question 8

Emic

Answer 8

attempts to understand the meanings people attach to their actions and culture

Question 9

Evolutionary Archaeology

Answer 9

stresses the importance of evolutionary theory as an unifying theory for archaeology

Question 10

Feminist Archaeology

Answer 10

the way archaeologists study and represent gender and that brings attention to gender inequities in the practice of archaeology

Question 11

Hermeneutics

Answer 11

a theory of interpretation that stresses the interaction between the presuppositions we bring to a problem and the independent empirical reality of our observations and experiences

Question 12

Middle-range research

Answer 12

investigates processes that can be observed in the present and that can serve as a point of reference to test hypotheses about the past

Question 13

Systems theory

Answer 13

views society as an interconnected network of interacting elements

Question 14

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), Section 106

Answer 14

the legislation that regulates cultural resource management archaeology

Question 15

Paleolithic

Answer 15

• the period in which humans lived with now-extinct animals
• aka the Old Stone Age

Question 16

Neolithic

Answer 16

• the period in which there are polished stone tools
• aka the New Stone Age

Question 17

Three-Age system

Answer 17

the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age—based on the material of manufacture

Question 18

Thunderstones

Answer 18

objects such as ground stone axes that people in medieval Europe believed were formed in spots where lightning struck the earth

Question 19

Faunal Analysts - quiz 3

Answer 19

• aka zooarchaeologists/archaeozoologists
• study animal bones found on archaeological sites
• combine precise recovery and detailed observation with a knowledge of animal biology and behaviour to provide critical insight into the archaeological record

Question 20

Ability of Faunal Analysts

Answer 20

recognize the species of animal from the scraps of bone that survive in the archaeological record